2028 Atlantic Hurricane Season(Ian Curtis 1 )

The 2019 Atlantic hurricane season was a fairly active Atlantic hurricane season that produced 17 tropical cyclones, 16 named storms, 10 hurricanes, and five major hurricanes. The season officially lasted from June 1, 2019, to November 30, 2019, dates which by convention limit the period of each year when tropical cyclones tend to form in the Atlantic Ocean basin. The season began with Tropical Storm Andrea on May 30, and ended with Tropical Storm Pablo, which dissipated on December 9. The most intense storm was Hurricane Imelda, which attained Category 4 strength on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale.

The most damaging storms of the season were Hurricane Imelda, which caused extensive storm surge in Caribbean, Hurricane Erin, which struck the East Coast, Hurricane Karen, which caused flooding in the Gulf Coast, Hurricane Fernand, which affected many countries, and Hurricane Melissa, which affected Cuba.

Subtropical Storm Andrea
An extratropical cyclone is stationed north of Bermuda on May 27. It is designated a disturbance afterwards. Some organization is observed in the cyclone and continues to gain tropical characteristics. On May 30, it transitioned to a subtropical depression and later becomes a subtropical storm, named "Andrea". Andrea never gained full tropical characteristics, despite strengthening a bit. Despite this, it managed to peak with winds of 50 mph. However, Andrea weakened to a subtropical depression on June 1, and dissipated afterwards. Andrea continues the streak of off-season storms which started last 2015.

Tropical Storm Barry
A tropical wave is observed west of Africa on July 10. The disturbance didn't showed any organization, however, it started organizing on July 13. It became more organized and finally, it is designated as Tropical Depression Two. Later, it became Tropical Storm Barry, but remained a weak storm while moving westward towards Yucatan Peninsula. It made landfall on July 16, weakening to a tropical depression. It stayed for a short time in Gulf of Mexico before fully dissipating.

Barry caused little impact in Central America.

Hurricane Chantal
On July 13, a Wave emerged off the coast of Africa. However the NHC disguarded the wave as it lost convection. On July 15, the NHC began to watch this wave again as it regained convection. The wave finally became designated as Tropical Depression Three-L. The Depression started to strengthen at a better rate, quickly becoming Tropical Storm Chantal a short distance Northwest of Puerto Rico.

Chantal began a period of rapid intensification and on July 21 became Hurricane Chantal, the first of the season. Intensification continued however, Chantal began to turn Northeast. Chantal later would become a Major Hurricane which would be the earliest since Bertha of 2008. Chantal would continue to strengthen despite decreasing Sea Surface Temperatures, eventually reaching a peak intensity of 120 mph with a minimum central pressure of 952 mbar. Conditions worsened, as a result Chantal would weaken. As Chantal accelerated, it still managed to retain Tropical characteristics and sustained Hurricane intensity for a long time after this. The still Hurricane Chantal finally turned more to the East barely avoiding Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. Chantal would preform an Extratropical transition on July 26, dissipating the same day.

While Chantal did not make landfall, effects still remained. Chantal brought healthy rainfall to portions of Puerto Rico and some portions of the East Coast(especially North Carolina). The only significant damages were from Bermuda, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. Bermuda totalled 9.1 inches at the highest while some cities in both Nova Scotia and Newfoundland reported anywhere from 3-5 inches. One town even reported 5.9 inches in Newfoundland.

Hurricane Dorian
A tropical wave is spotted in the Main Development Region on August 2. It is forecast to move westward and gather some organization. However, some wind shear initially prevented any development. On august 7, as conditions became more favorable, a tropical depression forms as it started moving northward. Later, it became Tropical Storm Dorian. Dorian moved northward and began steadily intensifying. Later, it intensified to a hurricane and peaked with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and pressure of 987 mbar. However, due to increasing wind shear, Dorian weakened to a tropical storm and began moving northwestward. Dorian made landfall in New York and made a sharp eastward turn before finally turning extratropical on August 11.

Hurricane Erin
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 11. It crossed the Cape Verde islands with almost no shear and above-average temperatures. More organization was observed in the wave, prompting the NHC to declare Tropical Depression Five at 2100 UTC on August 13. The depression strengthened and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Erin at 1800 UTC on August 14. Erin continued to move westward. The storm intensified into a hurricane on August 15, while approaching the Lesser Antilles. Early on August 16, the storm strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane. Erin caught some dry air, plus it made landfall in Haiti, causing it to weaken to a tropical storm.

The storm then headed northwestward, until a weak frontal trough turned Erin northward on August 19. Wind shear decreased, allowing Erin to become a tropical storm again later on the same day. The storm continued to strengthen while moving northward and by early on August 20, it became a hurricane again. By the next day, Erin made its second peak with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h). Erin made landfall in South Carolina as a weak hurricane. At 1200 UTC on August 22, Erin became extratropical. The remnants later curved northeastward and then dissipated on September 10 at 2100 UTC.

Hurricane Fernand
The beginning of what would become the catastrophic Hurricane Fernand was a small, disorganized tropical wave that emerged off the coast of western Africa. The wave did little as it slowly crossed the open tropical Atlantic for over a week due to persistent shear in the wake of Hurricane Erin, before finally beginning to organize as it approached the Lesser Antilles and the Caribbean. As the wave neared the easternmost Windward Islands, Air Force reconnaissance flights from St. Lucia were initiated to monitor its development. Organization gradually increased, and by 15:00 UTC on August 19, a combination of reconnaissance observations and satellite estimates showed that a weak tropical depression had formed approximately 700 miles west of Trinidad & Tobago. Tropical Depression Six soon triggered the issuance of tropical storm watches for multiple of the southernmost Windward Islands. For the first day of its life, the depression failed to strengthen, but as Hurricane Erin exited the Caribbean, conditions became prime for potential rapid intensification. At 15:00 UTC on August 20, sustained winds had reached 40 mph (65 km/h), and the newly formed tropical storm was named Fernand by the National Hurricane Center. Fernand began to rapidly intensify as it passed within 100 miles of the island of Tobago, and by the time of closest approach to Grenada early on August 21, winds had increased to 65 mph (100 km/h). Soon after, Fernand crossed into the eastern Caribbean from the open Atlantic, and unusually favorable conditions further worsened the situation. Hurricane warnings were issued for islands in the direct path of the storm, including the highly populated ABC Islands. Mere hours after the issuance of these warnings, at approximately 09:00 UTC, NOAA and Air Force reconnaissance flights discovered that Fernand had strengthened further and was now a mid-grade category 1 hurricane, with sustained winds of 85 mph (140 km/h).

Tropical Storm Gabrielle
On August 27, a tropical wave, with convection enhanced by Hurricane Fernand, developed in the western Caribbean sea, The small system began to quickly organized and develop banding, due to mostly low shear. A tropical depression formed on August 28, and it quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Gabrielle that evening, before making landfall over the Yucatán Peninsula. Gabrielle remained well-defined as it emerged into the Gulf of Mexico, and it re-intensified into a tropical storm on August 30. Gradual intensification than ensued that day, ultimately resulting in Gabrielle reaching peak intensity that evening, with 60 mph winds. Gabrielle then made landfall in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Land interaction rapidly weakened the storm, and it devolved into a remnant low on August 31.

Across the Yucatán and mainland Mexico, Gabrielle brought pouring rains to the country. Precipitation peaked at about 7.14 inches, near San Fernando. While impacts on the Yucatán were minimal, 7 people died in mainland Mexico, and $62.7 Million in damage was recorded.

Hurricane Humberto
On August 27, a tropical wave emerged off the coast of Africa. In a favorable environment, consisting of low shear and warm sea surface temperatures, it began to develop quickly. Tropical Depression Eight formed on August 29, with Humberto being named overnight. Humberto gradually moved westward, reaching an initial peak intensity of 45 mph. Another tropical wave, which would later spawn Hurricane Imelda, began interacting with Humberto, causing it to stall and upwell itself, weakening Humberto to a Tropical Depression. The wave pushed Humberto out of the way, which allowed it to re-intensify into a tropical storm. Humberto was located in a favorable environment again, and began to intensify more quickly. It was upgraded to a hurricane on September 3, and reached peak the following day, as a strong Category 1 hurricane, before it reached colder waters. The storm began to weaken as it accelerated northeast, but baroclinic forcing allowed Humberto to attain hurricane status one final time as it moved through the Azores, causing very severe weather across the Islands. As Humberto exited the islands, it began to lose tropical characteristics. Eventually, it was declared an extratropical cyclone on September 7.

The Azores were hit very hard by the hurricane. It was initially supposed to remain a tropical storm, but the re-intensification caught the Azores by surprise. Despite this, damage was not as bad as anticipated. The most severe impact was roof damage. $285 Million in damage, and 2 deaths were reported.

Hurricane Imelda
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 30 and traveled westward across the Atlantic swiftly over the next few days of September with little development due to moderate wind shear. As it approached the Caribbean Sea, convection began to increase as it entered a more favorable area for development. Just as it passed over Dominica late on September 6, it is estimated a tropical depression formed at 00:00 UTC on September 7 as it entered the Caribbean Sea. Strengthening ensued, and the depression became Tropical Storm Imelda later that day.

Located within a very favorable environment for further intensification, Imelda steadily strengthened as it moved slowly westwards. After the consolidation of the inner core, an eye feature became evident early on September 8. Rapid intensification then ensued as a well-defined eye formed, and Imelda went from a moderate tropical storm to a high-end Category 4 major hurricane, with winds increasing from 60 mph (95 km/h) to 155 mph (250 km/h) – which was its peak intensity at 18:00 UTC on September 9 – in only 30 hours. At the same time, Imelda turned to the northwest towards Hispaniola as it rounded the southern periphery of a ridge to its north. Proximity to land began to impact the powerful hurricane, and Imelda began to weaken as it approached the Dominican Republic later that day. The hurricane moved ashore near the town of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic at 15:00 UTC on September 10 with sustained winds of 125 mph (200 km/h) and a pressure of 950 mbar (28.05 inHg). Imelda rapidly weakened as it traveled further across the peninsula, falling to a weak tropical storm as its circulation was disrupted.

Due to the significant deterioration of the system and a slight increase in wind shear, Imelda only gradually intensified as it pulled away from the Dominican Republic and moved through the Bahamas. At the same time, an upper level low in the Gulf of Mexico influenced the steering currents of Imelda, keeping it moving to the northwest. By 12:00 UTC on September 13, the cyclone had regained hurricane intensity as it left the Bahamas. Continuing to move around the upper-level low, Imelda turned westward towards the Georgia coastline, while subsequently rapidly intensifying again to a Category 3 major hurricane once more before it made landfall near Saint Simons Island, Georgia at 09:30 UTC on September 15 at that intensity. Rapid weakening occurred as Imelda moved further inland and began its extratropical transition, which it finished on September 16. The remnants dissipated a day later.

Hurricane Karen
A low pressure area is located in the Caribbean Sea. Moving northwestward, it is organizing disturbance heading for Central America. Convection is flaring and later it becomes more well-defined. On September 17, Tropical Depression Eleven forms northeast of Nicaragua. Before making landfall in Belize, it strengthened to Tropical Storm Karen. It's landfall halted the intensification for a short time, but it managed to maintain it's convection and structure. After entering Gulf of Mexico, Karen began intensifying, heading for United States Gulf Coast. Karen reached Category 1 a day after it emerged to Gulf of Mexico. Conditions became very favorable, with very high ocean heat content and low wind shear, provoking explosive intensification.

It reached Category 2 strength and shortly afterwards, became intense Category 4 hurricane. Karen had a very well-defined pinhole eye and a very intact circulation. Karen peaked with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and pressure of 924 milibars. Karen made landfall in Alabama at peak intensity and began weakening. It weakened to a minimal hurricane, then a tropical storm before transitioning extratropical on September 23.

Storm names
The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2019. The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2025 season. This was the same list used in the 2013 season with the exceptions for Imelda, which replaced Ingrid, respectively. The name Imelda was used for the first time this year.

Retirement
At 42th session of the RA IV hurricane committee, the World Meteorological Organization retired the names Erin, Fernand, Imelda, and Karen from its rotating naming lists due to the number of deaths and amount of damage they caused, and they will not be used again for another Atlantic hurricane. They will be replaced with TBA for the 2025 season, respectively.

With four names retired, the 2019 season is tied with the 1955, 1995, 2004, and 2017 seasons for the second-highest number of storm names retired after a single Atlantic season, only surpassed by the 2005 season, which had five retired names.

Season Effects
This is a table of all the storms that formed in the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, affected areas, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a tropical wave, or a low, and all the damage figures are in 2019 USD. Potential tropical cyclones are not included in this table.