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The 2055 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active Atlantic hurricane season in recorded history, with several records being broken across many categories. The season had catestrophic impacts, reaching an unprecedented $519.44 billion, achieving the most damages in a single season in addition to a total fatality count of 7,850 of which is the fourth highest on record, only bested by 1780, 1998 and 1974.
The majority of the destruction was primarily caused by seven storms; Jerry, Maddie, Sora, Trinity, Winona, Gamma and Sonia. Jerry was the only one of those not to have achieved major hurricane intensity. The most devastated place is debated, mostly between the US Gulf Coast, Lesser Antilles and Central America.
The US Gulf Coast saw several landfalling storms including Brian, Chandra, Maddie, Trinity, Van, Winona, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Sonia, Iota and Kappa. The strongest of the landfalls being in Texas and Mexico with two Category 5 landfalls each and the most frequently hit being Florida. The Lesser Antilles saw multiple tropical cyclones a month, while usually not very strong while impacting them (the exception being Sora). Central America was utterly devastated particularly from Trinity in the later portion September. This was caused mostly from repeated rain from bands and the outer cores of cyclones (especially those of which from gyres during the October and November months), despite said cyclones never making a direct landfall.
The 2055 season became the fifth season to observe more named storms and the third with more hurricane-equivalents than the West Pacific, despite the latter of which averaging nearly twice as more yearly named storms. The only other years to do this are 2005, 2010, 2025 and 2049. 2024 also featured an equal amount of named storms between the Atlantic and West Pacific basins with 21 each.
The season officially started on June 1 and lasted until November 30. However, a record total of 5 systems existed beyond these days in March, April, May and December (One, Andrea, Brice, Chandra and Mu respectively). Thirty Five systems formed, Thirty three of which becoming named and Twenty Four of those further intensified into hurricanes with Fourteen of those reaching major hurricane status. Four of those were Category 5 hurricanes, the highest classification on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale possible. Hurricane Sonia has been added to these totals due to it having reached peak intensity within the Atlantic basin. All of these storm totals amount to record highs. Seven of those storms broke the records for Earliest forming Atlantic major, Strongest Atlantic July Hurricane, Northernmost nameable Atlantic cyclone, Costliest Atlantic Hurricane, Most Intense Puerto Rico Landfall, Most Intense Atlantic Hurricane and Latest Existing Atlantic Hurricane (Daina, Finely, Karen, Maddie, Sora, Trinity and Mu respectively). The 2055 season was also only the third Atlantic hurricane season and fifth NHC-monitored basin season to use up the annual naming lists and have to use greek letters as names joining the Atlantic's 2005, 2048 and 2049 seasons as well as the Eastern Pacific's 2032 and 2057 seasons.
Ahead of and during the season, several national meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many named storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes (Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale) will form during a season and/or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country. These agencies include the Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) Consortium of University College London, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Colorado State University (CSU). The forecasts include weekly and monthly changes in significant factors that help determine the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a particular year. Some of these forecasts also take into consideration what happened in previous seasons and the state of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). On average, an Atlantic hurricane season between 1981 and 2050 contained twelve tropical storms, six hurricanes, and three major hurricanes, with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index of between 66 and 103 units.
Pre-season Forecasts
The first forecast of the year came out on December 6, 2054 by TSR; predicting an average season of 12 named storms, 6 hurricanes and 3 major hurricanes, taking into account a predicted continuation of the warming to ENSO Neutral during the season. On April 9, Colorado State University made their first prediction of the season, calling for a slightly above average season of 14 named storms, 7 hurricanes and 3 majors. The same day, TSR released their updated forecast, predicting the same. A little more than a week later, North Carolina State University released their forecast for 2055 which called for a near to above average season with 13-17 named storms, 6-10 hurricanes, 2-5 major hurricanes. A month following, TWC released their prediction with 16 named storms, 8 hurricanes and 4 majors. The UK Met Office predicted the same as TWC, with an ACE of 194 units on May 20. The NOAA forecasted 12-20 named storms, 5-11 hurricanes and 3-6 majors, a near to above average season three days later. The final prediction of the pre-season came from TSR, their third, revising their previous prediction to be 1 named storm higher.
Mid-season Outlook
On June 3, CSU revised their initial prediction to feature each value be raised by 1. The University of Arizona released their prediction on June 9 calling for a well above average season of 20 named storms, 10 hurricanes and 5 major hurricanes. In July, the CSU and TSR revised their previous forecast to be notably higher following the record pace activity of the season up until that point. TSR, CSU and NOAA would once again revise their previous predictions to be much higher in all three categories.
Seasonal Summary
For the second consecutive season, multiple systems were designated before the official start of the Atlantic hurricane season on June 1, this time beginning in March with the formation of Subtropical Depression One followed by three additional preseason storms in Andrea, Brian and Chandra in April and May. June would feature two storms in Daina and Erin, the first of which becoming the first major hurricane in the month of June, and the earliest to form in an Atlantic hurricane season. July would be twice as active with Finely, Georgia, Harper and Inigo. Three of those peaked as hurricanes with two intensifying further into majors.
August would end up looking refreshingly average with three systems forming before producing of two major hurricanes in the last week. The activity began with a tropical depression forming on August 7 in the Gulf of Mexico that would become Tropical Storm Jerry, 12 hours later. Two more storms; Karen and Thirteen would form on August 16 and 24 respectively before the observed formation of Lincoln and Maddie, two long lived and powerful hurricanes began on August 27 and 28. They would last into September where the momentum of activity only intensified with 8 storms forming (Nestor, Oprah, Parker, Rebekah, Sora, Trinity, Van and Winona). Of these eight storms, all but one would reach hurricane status (that one being Oprah), with five being major hurricanes. The later half September also featured 3 Category 5 hurricanes within a two week period (Sora, Trinity and Winona), a miscellaneous but notable record of the season. Rebekah would also be the first cyclone to make a tropical landfall in Europe in well over a decade.
October would mimic the activity September managed with an equal and even more unprecedented 8 storms observed in the Atlantic, including Sonia which had entered from the East Pacific. Five of these eight systems strengthened to hurricanes with three further intensifying into majors over the course of the month. There would be at one point be 3 systems active simultaneously (Gamma, Sonia and Delta) for almost a week's length of time. Delta would become the second longest lived Atlantic hurricane on record, Sonia would become the first hurricane to sustain major hurricane status in both the East Pacific and Atlantic, not to mention making landfall in both basins at the aforementioned intensity. Gamma would also become the weakest storm since Hurricane Stan to cause more than 1,000 deaths.
November and December would feature a combined 5 storms, those being Theta, Iota, Kappa, Lambda and Mu. All but Kappa managed to achieve an intensity equivalent of a hurricane and Theta was the only system in the two late months to manage major hurricane status. Theta also became the most intense major hurricane in November since Lenny in 1999. Mu would also set the record for latest existing cyclone of hurricane intensity, becoming a hurricane on December 23 and sustaining it for the two days following before it's post-tropical transition on Christmas Day while moving ashore Portugal, therefore ending the season.
The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for the 2055 Atlantic hurricane season was ... units. Broadly speaking, ACE is a measure of the power of a tropical or subtropical storm multiplied by the length of time it existed. It is only calculated for full advisories on specific tropical and subtropical systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h). Therefore, tropical depressions are not included in the season's total ACE count.
On February 27, an upper-level trough was cut off into an upper-level low and it began to interact with the tail end of a deteriorating cold front accompanied by a low-level vorticy. The two systems produced a broad area of low pressure associated with moderate convection which began to quickly develop a well-defined, albeit exposed circulation, coalescing into the classification of Subtropical Depression One on March 1. However, the system did not manage to intensify further due to unfavorable conditions and was classified as post-tropical the next day. It's remnants did not last long before being absorbed by another cold front later on March 2.
On April 13, a weak area of low pressure, non-tropical in nature had begun to interact and later merge with a developing nor'easter north of the Bahamas. Despite, early forecasts showing mixed extents of development (if any), shower and thunderstorm activity near the center of the non-tropical cyclone began to increase by April 14 leading to the development of subtropical characteristics over the next day or two. Consequently, the NHC classified Subtropical Depression Two on April 16. The system began to strengthen and was named Andrea, the first of the season, after it was concluded that the storm had achieved gale force winds. Further intensification was minimal as Andrea began to once again merge with the Extratropical that it had been interacting with. It had finally merged on April 19 leading to the final advisory of Post-tropical Cyclone Andrea.
The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2055. The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2061 season. This was the same list used in the 2049 season, with the exception of the names Parker, Trinity and Winona which replaced Pablo, Tanya and Wendy. The names Parker, Trinity and Winona were used for the first time this year.
Andrea
Brice
Chandra
Daina
Erin
Finley
Georgia
Harper
Inigo
Jerry
Karen
Lincoln
Maddie
Nestor
Oprah
Parker
Rebekah
Sora
Trinity
Van
Winona
Retirement
On March 26, 2056, at the 78th session of the RA IV hurricane committee, the World Meteorological Organization retired the names Jerry, Maddie, Sora, Trinity and Winona from its rotating naming lists due to the number of deaths and amount of damage they caused, and they will not be used again for another Atlantic hurricane. They will be replaced with Joshua, Morgan, Sawyer, Thea and Wynter respectively, for the 2061 season. The WMO did not retire any names of the greek alphabet as it was ruled to be not practical to do so.
The name Sonia was also retired and replaced with Stella for the 2061 Pacific hurricane season, dealing significant damages in both the Atlantic and East Pacific basins.
Season Effects
This is a table of all the storms that formed in the 2055 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, affected areas, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a tropical wave, or a low, and all the damage figures are in 2017 USD. Potential tropical cyclones are not included in this table.
