The 2099 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active Atlantic hurricane season on record, surpassing all previous seasons since record keeping began in 1851. The season also became one of the most disastrous seasons on record, being the second deadliest Atlantic hurricane season, and the costliest season on record. The season exhausted through its conventional extended naming list, alongside the first auxiliary list of names, making it 4 names deep into the secondary auxiliary list, 51 named (sub)tropical storms formed over the course of the season, with one being unnamed, 31 of those becoming hurricanes, and 15 of those becoming major hurricanes. In addition, of the 15 major hurricanes that formed, 6 of them attained category 5 status on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale, the most on record. The season's hyper-activity was attributed to a persistent La Niña in the Equatorial Pacific, alongside anomalously warm sea surface temperatures across the North Atlantic basin, considerably below-average wind shear, and anomalously humid conditions across several regions of the basin. The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally indicate the period to which tropical cyclone formation is most common in the Atlantic ocean. The first cyclone of the season, Audrey, formed on May 4, before the official start of the season, while the final cyclone, Damien, dissipated on January 5, 2100, after the official end of the season.
Seasonal activity started off near-average, with tropical storms Audrey and Blitzen forming in May, alongside an additional depression. June saw the formation of three additional systems, two of which intensified into hurricanes. Corinne, Darnell, and Eleanor had minimal impacts to land areas, despite anomalous storm strengths for the month of June. Five more systems formed in the month of July, including the first major hurricane of the season, Ishika. Tropical Storm Julius became the first system of the season to cause substantial effects to land, inducing hundreds of millions of dollars in damages in Nicaragua and Cuba. In early August, an unnamed tropical storm caused minor damages to areas of the Mid-Atlantic United States, and later on in the month, Hurricane Kendall struck Cuba as a major hurricane, causing major damages to the island. In late August into early September, activity picked up considerably, seeing the formation of storms like Pierce and Raya, the latter of which became one of the worst natural disasters to ever affect the state of Texas. A record-shattering sixteen named storms formed during the month of September, many of which went on to affect land areas considerably, including Ursula, Virgo, and Yvonne. At the end of September, the Atlantic resorted to using names from the primary Auxiliary list, progressing through further going into early October. In early October, Hurricane Farrah became the costliest Atlantic tropical cyclone on record, affecting many of the Greater Antilles, inducing devastating flooding and storm surge. October saw the formation of Hurricane Helena, which would become the strongest tropical cyclone to ever be recorded in the Western Hemisphere. Helena would go on to affect many of the Lesser and Greater Antilles as a major hurricane, eventually making landfall in the United States as a Category 5 hurricane, becoming one of the costliest hurricanes to ever strike the nation. In late October, Hurricane Lauren became the worst cyclone to ever affect South America. Despite making landfall as a category 1 hurricane, Lauren caused excess inflow of the Orinoco river, causing catastrophic flooding, and becoming the worst natural disaster in Venezuelan history. In early November, Hurricane Orville made landfall as a category 5 storm in Cuba, becoming one of the costliest cyclones to ever affect the island. Going into November, whilst activity winded down, it would see the formation of Hurricane Vesta, which became the strongest cyclone to ever be recorded in the month of November, causing catastrophic damage in Nicaragua, Honduras, and Costa Rica. In late November, the primary auxiliary list had been exhausted, and for the first time in history, the secondary auxiliary list was put into use. The season concluded with the formation of Hurricane Damien, which persisted into the month of January, becoming one of only a few Atlantic storms to cross into the month of January.
Seasonal Summary[]
The total ACE (accumulated cyclone energy) index of the season was approximately 442.7 units, shattering previous records observed in the basin, and reflecting the season's record-breaking hyperactivity. Hurricane Helena also produced the most ACE index of any cyclone observed in the basin, producing roughly 80.9 units, mainly thanks to maintaining an insane intensity throughout a good part of its life.
Record-Breaking Activity[]
The 2099 Atlantic hurricane season not only featured the most tropical cyclone formations in a season, but also featured them forming at a record-breaking pace starting in late June, with all cyclones thereafter surpassing the earliest formation dates of their respective storm numbers sequentially. The Atlantic basin also saw record-breaking sea surface temperatures, with some areas of the basin surpassing 34ºC at points, greatly enhancing tropical activity, alongside it being enhances due to a strong La Niña in the Equatorial Pacific. Much of these climatological conditions were attributed to the adverse effects caused through the process of human-induced climate change, with numerous scientists attributing the record-breaking humidity, sea surface temperatures, and rainfall rates to the concentrations of greenhouse gases that had been building up throughout the century, describing it as a "runaway cycle of heating that would only worsen into the next century."
The record-breaking activity also resulted in 2099 becoming the most disastrous season on record, with all cyclones collectively killing 26,435 people, making it the deadliest season just behind the historic 1780 hurricane season, and causing $578.722 billion in damages, making it the costliest season on record. A total of 13 named storms made landfall in the continental United States, surpassing the previous record of 11 in 2020. Multiple regions also experienced an excess amount of landfalls, with some of them being up there with the most devastating in their respective nations. (Haiti, Mexico, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Puerto Rico*)
*Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States.
Systems[]
|
Tropical Storm Audrey[]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | May 4 – May 7 |
| Peak intensity | 65 mph (105 km/h) (1-min) 996 mbar (hPa) |
On May 3, the National Hurricane Center began monitoring an off-season tropical gyre for potential development. The disturbance gradually organized and at 18:00 UTC on May 4, it was designated Tropical Depression 01L. The depression initially found itself in a favorable environment, consisting of warm sea surface temperatures and high relative humidity. The system initially struggled with wind shear, and most of the convection was displaced to the east of its center. Despite this, at 00:00 UTC on May 5, the system quickly strengthened into a Tropical Storm and was named Audrey. Audrey continued to intensify throughout the day, reaching an initial peak intensity with winds of 60 miles per hour and a pressure of 999 millibars at 18:00 UTC. Wind shear briefly increased, limiting convective activity and inducing slight weakening, but eventually lightened up, allowing Audrey to reach its peak intensity at 12:00 UTC on May 6 just prior to landfall. At 16:30 UTC that same day, Audrey made landfall near Cape San Blas, Florida with winds of 60 miles per hour and a pressure of 997 millibars. Following landfall, Audrey rapidly weakened, eventually being absorbed by a frontal system and degenerating at 18:00 UTC on May 7.
Audrey caused roughly $113 million (2099 USD) in damages, mainly in Florida and Georgia. 3 fatalities were attributed to the storm, 2 were caused by storm surge induced by the storm, and an additional death occurred in Georgia from flooding rains. Despite being an off-season storm, damages ended up being minor overall.
Tropical Storm Blitzen[]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | May 21 – May 22 |
| Peak intensity | 70 mph (115 km/h) (1-min) 994 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC first noted a strong tropical wave near Cuba on May 20, pinning it with a moderate chance of development. After passing the island of Cuba, convective activity increased and a center of circulation was pin-pointed, prompting an upgrade to tropical depression status early on May 21. Four hours after formation, the depression made landfall near Big Pine Key in Florida, before making a second landfall in mainland Florida 2 hours later. After exiting Florida, reconnaissance aircraft found gale-force surface-level winds, and the depression was upgraded to a Tropical Storm and named Blitzen at 18:00 UTC. Starting the morning of May 22, Blitzen began interacting with a frontal system and started to experience baroclinic forcing, inducing rapid intensification, reaching its peak intensity at 12:00 UTC with winds of 70 miles per hour, and a pressure of 994 millibars. At 18:00 UTC, shortly after peak, the system became fully extratropical, with winds reaching 80 miles per hour. Blitzen's remnants continued moving northeast, gradually weakening until degenerating on the morning of May 24.
While extratropical, Blitzen caused considerable flooding and storm surge in the Northeastern United States, with damages totaling $376 million (2099 USD). Areas reported upwards of 10 inches of rainfall, and storm surge reaching upwards of 20 feet, Cape Cod recorded a wind gust in excess of 103 miles per hour, with other areas experiencing hurricane-force gusts. 4 people perished in the storm, all of which were attributed to the storm's excess surge.
Tropical Depression Three[]
| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | May 29 – May 30 |
| Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min) 1007 mbar (hPa) |
A unseasonal tropical wave was first noted by the NHC on May 28, and marked with chances for development. Over the next 36 hours, the wave gradually organized and was upgraded to Tropical Depression 03L at 12:00 UTC on May 29. After formation, the depression struggled to intensify due to high amounts of wind shear and low relative humidity. The depression opened up into a tropical wave at 06:00 UTC on May 30, and was last designated 200 miles south of Punta Cana in the Dominican Republic at 18:00 UTC that same day.
No damages or fatalities were attributed to the depression.
Hurricane Corinne[]
| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | June 9 – June 14 |
| Peak intensity | 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min) 987 mbar (hPa) |
On June 8, the National Hurricane Center first noted a wave embedded in a tropical gyre, and tagged it with chances for formation. Over the next day, the wave axis gradually organized, and at 12:00 UTC on June 9, it was designated Tropical Depression 04L. Conditions ahead of the depression were only marginally favorable, but gradual intensification ensued, and the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Corinne on the morning of June 10. As wind shear levels increased, weakening ensued, and 12 hours after being upgraded, Corinne was downgraded to a depression. The system then moved into a more favorable environment with lower wind shear values and warmer sea surface temperatures, and eventually strengthened back into a tropical storm on the morning of June 11. Steady intensification ensued as the system gradually drifted to the northwest, and Corinne was upgraded to hurricane status at 06:00 UTC on June 12, and peaked shortly after at 12:00 UTC with winds of 80 miles per hour, and a pressure of 987 millibars. As Corinne peaked, conditions started to become unfavorable again, with the system weakening back down to a tropical storm on the morning of June 13, and a tropical depression on June 14. After sharply turning to the west-northwest, Corinne degenerated into a remnant low at 12:00 UTC on June 14, as was last designated on the morning of June 15.
Corinne caused minimal damages in areas of Cuba and Mexico, and no deaths were attributed to the storm.
Subtropical Storm Darnell[]
| Subtropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | June 17 – June 19 |
| Peak intensity | 50 mph (80 km/h) (1-min) 1002 mbar (hPa) |
A cutoff low pressure system began being monitored by the NHC on June 16, pinned with chances of subtropical transitioning. As the low pressure area hooked to the southeast and eventually south, convection gradually started organizing near the core, and at 18:00 UTC on June 17, it was designated a Subtropical Storm and given the name Darnell. The storm found itself struggling to intensify due to low sea surface temperatures, and eventually weakened down to a Subtropical Depression on June 18, following a loop just around Bermuda. Darnell continued moving southwestwards and eventually degenerated into a remnant low at 18:00 UTC on June 19.
Darnell caused minor damages to the island of Bermuda, despite meandering around the island nation. $50 million in damages resulted from high swells caused by the storm, and 1 fatality was attributed to the rip tides brought about by the storm.
Hurricane Eleanor[]
| Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | June 28 – July 6 |
| Peak intensity | 105 mph (170 km/h) (1-min) 968 mbar (hPa) |
Early on June 27, the NHC began monitoring a strong tropical wave out in the main development region. The wave initially struggled to produce sustained convection due to high levels of dry air, but moved into an area of higher moisture content and lower wind shear, and at 18:00 UTC on June 28 the system was designated Tropical Depression 06L. The depression initially organized slowly due to continuing dry air entrainment, but as convection became more persistent, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm status and given the name Eleanor on June 29. After reaching an initial peak intensity with winds of 45 miles per hour, wind shear ramped up and caused slight weakening. On June 30, Eleanor found itself in highly favorable conditions, and a period of rapid organization began, culminating in an upgrade to a Category 1 hurricane late on July 1, 12 hours later, the storm strengthened further, becoming a Category 2 hurricane. Intensification capped off late on July 2, with Eleanor reaching peak intensity with winds of 105 miles per hour, and a pressure of 968 millibars. Slow weakening would occur over the next 48 hours, with the system being downgraded to a tropical storm late on July 4. Fluctuations in intensity would cap off the storm's transition into an extratropical low, with it completing that transition at 12:00 UTC on July 6, and last being designated 6 hours later.
No damages or fatalities were attributed to Eleanor. high swells were reported across the Lesser Antilles originating from Eleanor, but no damage was incurred.
Tropical Storm Felipe[]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | July 2 – July 4 |
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min) 1000 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave was first noted by the NHC late on June 30 in the central Caribbean sea. The wave would organize quickly, attaining tropical storm-force winds late on July 1, but initially struggled to close its circulation. Early on July 2, Hurricane hunters were able to pin a closed center of circulation, prompting the upgrade of the wave to a Tropical Storm, being given the name Felipe. The storm would gradually intensify over the next 18 hours, peaking on the morning of July 3 with winds of 60 miles per hour, and a pressure of 1,000 millibars. Following peak, wind shear levels rapidly increased, decoupling convection from the center of the storm, inducing rapid weakening that resulted in the storm's downgrade to a Tropical depression just 18 hours following peak. 12 hours later on the morning of July 4, Felipe had degenerated into low pressure area, and was last designated at 18:00 UTC that same day.
Felipe caused moderate damages across Central America, most of which was attributed to flooding rains from the storm. Approximately $237 million in damages were sustained, with 3 people perishing from landslides induced by the flooding rains. Rainfall totals reached upwards of 12 inches in areas of Belize and northeastern Mexico, with the island of Cozumel reporting up 9 inches of rain in total.
Tropical Storm Gretchen[]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | July 8 – July 10 |
| Peak intensity | 45 mph (70 km/h) (1-min) 1001 mbar (hPa) |
A fast moving tropical wave was first noted by the NHC on July 3, pinning the system with chances for formation. The wave initially struggled to organize due to its large trough axis and fast forward speed, but eventually found itself in better conditions after clearing through Central America on July 7. The wave eventually consolidated into Tropical Depression 08L late on July 8. The system's large size limited intensification, but as convective activity improved over the center, it was upgraded to a Tropical Storm on July 9 and given the name Gretchen. At 12:00 UTC on July 9, The storm would peak just 5 hours prior to landfall, with winds of 45 miles per hour, and a pressure of 1,001 millibars. Gretchen would make landfall at 17:30 UTC just south of Port Isabel, Texas, and started to rapidly weaken, with the storm being downgraded to a tropical depression on the morning of July 10, and degenerating into a remnant low 6 hours later.
Gretchen caused minor damages in Texas and Mexico, totaling roughly $45 million. 1 person perished in the storm's surge as the system made landfall.
Hurricane Hunter[]
| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | July 14 – July 17 |
| Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min) 989 mbar (hPa) |
Not to be confused with Hurricane hunters.
Only July 13, a robust tropical was first noted in the middle of the main development region by the NHC, pinned with chances of formation. The wave found itself in moderately favorable conditions, with the major setback being high abundance of dry air. Despite this, the system consolidated into Tropical Depression 09L on the morning of July 14, 12 hours later, it was upgraded to a Tropical Storm and given the name Hunter. Following naming, dry air intrusion became more apparent with moderate decoupling of convective levels, leading to a brief downgrade to a tropical depression on the morning of July 15. 6 hours later, the storm started moving into more favorable conditions, resulting in an upgrade back to tropical storm status, with gradual intensification following. At 19:45 UTC on July 15, the storm made landfall in Puerto Rico with winds of 50 miles per hour, but the mountains did not induce weakening thanks to Hunter's moderate forward speed. The storm intensified further while turning to the north, reaching peak intensity late on July 16 with winds of 75 miles per hour, and a pressure of 989 millibars. Following peak, the storm weakened back down to a tropical storm as it started extratropical transitioning, completing it at 18:00 UTC on July 17, with the storm last being designated 6 hours later.
Hunter caused minor damages across the Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico, with approximately $25 million in losses. No fatalities were attributed to the storm.
Hurricane Ishika[]
| Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | July 21 – July 28 |
| Peak intensity | 140 mph (225 km/h) (1-min) 942 mbar (hPa) |
On July 19, the NHC first noted the remnants of a sluggish low pressure trough, pinning it with potential for development. As the system drifted southeastwards, it began to gradually organize, and was designated Tropical Depression 10L at 18:00 UTC on July 21. Following formation, the depression began to make a westward loop, and found itself in favorable conditions, prompting intensification, with the system being upgraded to a Tropical Storm at 12:00 UTC on July 22, and being given the name Ishika. The storm would then start a gradual turn to the north, intensifying gradually in the process, and eventually the storm was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane on the morning of July 24. Ishika's intensity fluctuated following an intrusion of dry air, with it being downgraded to a tropical storm at 12:00 UTC on July 24, re-intensifying back into hurricane 12 hours later. Hooking onto the warm waters of the gulf stream, Ishika would gradually intensify, becoming a Category 2 hurricane on the morning of July 26, and a major hurricane 12 hours later. After slight stalling in intensity, Ishika rapidly organized its core and became a Category 4 hurricane at 06:00 UTC on July 27, peaking 6 hours later with winds of 140 miles per hour, and a pressure of 943 millibars. Afterwards, rapid weakening ensued as the cyclone began undergoing an extratropical transition, having been downgraded to a category 1 hurricane just 18 hours after its peak. Late on July 28, Ishika completed its extratropical transition and was last designated 12 hours later at 06:00 UTC on July 29.
Ishika caused minimal damages and only 1 fatality, which was attributed to large swells produced by the storm. Swells of up to 13 feet were reported across the shorelines off the U.S. East Coast.
Tropical Storm Julius[]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | July 30 – August 4 |
| Peak intensity | 65 mph (105 km/h) (1-min) 997 mbar (hPa) |
On July 29, the NHC noted a tropical wave located in the central Caribbean Sea, and marked it with potential for development. As the wave slowly progressed westwards, gradual organization ensued, and eventually the wave became sufficiently organized and was upgraded to Tropical Depression 11L early on July 30. The system found itself in favorable conditions, including a patch of anomalously warm water just to its west, fueling potential for intensification. At 18:00 UTC on July 30, the system was upgraded to a Tropical Storm and given the name Julius. Following naming, Julius rapidly tightened its core and attained its initial peak intensity early on July 31, with winds of 65 miles per hour, and a pressure of 999 millibars. Abrupt mid-level wind shear took a toll on the storm as it approached Nicaragua, with it eventually making landfall with winds of only 45 miles per hour at 20:00 UTC on July 31. Rapid weakening followed landfall, with the storm downgraded to a tropical depression 6 hours after landfall, and a remnant low 12 hours later. The remnants of Julius meandered in the Caribbean sea, gradually attempting to re-organize, with the system regenerating into a depression at 12:00 UTC on August 2. Quick intensification ensued, and Julius attained its secondary peak intensity early on August 3, with winds of 60 miles per hour and a pressure of 997 millibars. Julius made its second landfall just west of Playa Giron, Cuba at 08:15 UTC on August 3, and rapidly weakened back to a depression as it emerged just southeast of Florida. After slowing down and turning west, Julius briefly strengthened back into a tropical storm as it made landfall near Cutler Bay, Florida early on August 4. Later that same day, the system degenerated into a remnant low, and was last designated 6 hours later on the morning of August 4.
Julius' caused moderate damages across its track, mainly from flooding and rough seas. Damages amounted to roughly $419 million, most of which was sustained in Florida from slow movement. 4 people perished in the storm, all in Nicaragua and Honduras due to excessive flooding.
Unnamed tropical storm[]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | August 6 – August 7 |
| Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min) 1005 mbar (hPa) |
On August 5, a weakening cold front emerged off the Southeastern Coast of the United States, and was marked with low development chances by the NHC. The system initially struggled to organize due to persistent wind shear preventing convective coupling, however, rapid organization ensued on August 6, and the system became a Tropical Storm at 12:00 UTC. Operationally, the system was said to have peaked as a tropical depression, but post-season analysis revealed that reconnaissance data found was sufficient enough for tropical storm status. The system peaked shortly after forming, and started to weaken due to cooler sea surface temperatures and land interaction, being downgraded to a Tropical Depression early on August 7. At 05:00 UTC on August 7, the storm made landfall on the Delmarva peninsula, and quickly degenerated into a trough of low pressure 6 hours after landfall, and was last designated 6 hours later over Delaware.
This unnamed tropical storm caused only minor damages in the states of Delaware and Virginia, with totals amounting to around $50 million in losses. No fatalities were attributed to this unnamed storm.
Hurricane Kendall[]
| Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | August 9 – August 17 |
| Peak intensity | 115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min) 957 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC first noted an area of disturbed weather in association with a wave axis in the main development region on August 8. This system gradually tracked to the west, and on August 9, a closed circulation was found and the wave became Tropical Depression 13L. The depression found itself in generally favorable conditions, but initially organized slowly due to moderate levels of wind shear. As the shear relaxed, the depression was upgraded to a Tropical Storm and given the name Kendall early on August 10. After being named, Kendall started a period of rapid intensification, with the storm being upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane at 00:00 UTC on August 11, and a category 2 hurricane 12 hours later. Late on August 18, the storm reached an initial peak intensity with winds of 100 miles per hour, and a pressure of 975 millibars, however, wind shear levels began to increase as the storm approached the Windward Islands, and the storm weakened back down to a category 1 hurricane on August 12. After entering the Caribbean, the intensity began fluctuating on the cusp of hurricane status for roughly 36 hours before wind shear levels lightened up once again. The storm turned northwest and began re-intensifying, reaching category 2 status at 00:00 UTC on August 14, and Category 3 intensity 12 hours later. At 13:45 UTC, Kendall made landfall in Cuba at peak intensity with winds of 115 miles per hour, and a pressure of 957 millibars. Rapid weakening ensued following landfall, and after exiting the mainland, the storm was downgraded to a tropical storm. The storm struggled to re-intensify over the next day, eventually making landfall just east of Charleston, South Carolina at 14:00 UTC on August 16 with winds of 65 miles per hour. Following its second landfall, the storm rapidly disorganized and opened up into a remnant low early on August 17.
Kendall caused considerable damages across its path, mainly in Cuba. Losses amounted to roughly $1.21 billion in total, and eight people perished in the storm. Regions of Cuba saw rainfall totals of up to 12 inches, with scattered totals of over 15 inches. The city of Charleston, South Carolina reported storm surge in excess of 7 feet, and rainfall totals in excess of 10 inches.
Hurricane Lance[]
| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | August 12 – August 14 |
| Peak intensity | 90 mph (145 km/h) (1-min) 984 mbar (hPa) |
A non-tropical low was first designated by the NHC on August 11, marked with moderate chances of development. As the low progressed southwestward, it gradually began organizing, and eventually became Tropical Depression 14L at 06:00 UTC on August 12. The depression found itself in favorable conditions, with low wind shear and warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures. Shortly after designation, the depression strengthened into a Tropical Storm and was given the name Lance. After being named, the storm began rapidly intensifying, becoming a Category 1 hurricane early on August 13, culminating in a peak intensity with winds of 90 miles per hour, and a pressure of 984 millibars at 12:00 UTC that same day. Wind shear levels began to increase considerably, causing rapid weakening of the storm down to tropical storm status early on August 14. At 18:00 UTC on August 14, Lance degenerated into a remnant low, and was last designated at 06:00 UTC the next day.
No damages or fatalities were attributed to Lance.
Tropical Storm Meilin[]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | August 23 – August 25 |
| Peak intensity | 50 mph (80 km/h) (1-min) 1003 mbar (hPa) |
An area of disturbed weather was first noted by the NHC on August 22 over the Bay of Campeche. Over the next day, the low gradually organized as it slowly progressed westward, and eventually became Tropical Depression 15L at 00:00 UTC on August 23. Following designation, convective activity ramped up considerably, and the system intensified into a Tropical Storm at 06:00 UTC and was given the name Meilin. The storm peaked mid-day on August 23, with winds of 50 miles per hour, and a pressure of 1,003 millibars. Wind shear values picked up considerably following the storm's peak, and convective decoupling resulted in gradual weakening, culminating in a downgrade back to tropical depression status at 12:00 UTC on August 24. Despite high shear values, Meilin briefly re-intensified into a tropical storm early on August 25 thanks to a convective burst over its center, but weakened back down to a depression 6 hours later. At 18:00 UTC, the storm degenerated into a remnant low just off the coast of Northeastern Mexico.
No damage or fatalities were attributed to Meilin.
Tropical Storm Odele[]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | August 24 – August 29 |
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min) 996 mbar (hPa) |
Late on August 23, the NHC first noted a tropical wave in the Caribbean Sea, marking it with moderate chances of development. The low rapidly organized and became Tropical Depression 16L at 12:00 UTC on August 24, making landfall in Cuba 9 hours later. Following landfall, the depression opened up into an area of low pressure due to interaction with the mountainous terrain of the island. After exiting Cuba, the remnants of the depression moved northeastward and passed over Florida late on August 25, emerging into the open Atlantic early the next day. Early on August 27, the remnants found themselves in more favorable conditions, and re-organized into a tropical depression at 06:00 UTC that same day. 12 hours later, the system strengthened into a Tropical Storm and was given the name Odele, and gradual strengthening ensued. The storm peaked early on August 29 with winds of 60 miles per hour, and a pressure of 996 millibars. After peaking, the storm started extratropical transitioning, culminating at 12:00 UTC on August 29, with the system last being designated 6 hours later.
Odele caused minimal damages in Cuba, and no deaths were attributed to the storm.
Hurricane Niall[]
| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | August 26 – September 2 |
| Peak intensity | 85 mph (135 km/h) (1-min) 977 mbar (hPa) |
Late on August 25, the NHC began monitoring an inland tropical wave over Western Africa, marking it with chances of development. After exiting Africa early on August 26, the wave rapidly organized and was designated Tropical Depression 17L at 06:00 UTC that same day. 6 hours later, the depression found itself in more favorable conditions, including anomalously high relative humidity values, typically not seen near the Cabo Verde region, strengthening occurred as a result and the system was upgraded to a Tropical Storm and given the name Niall at 18:00 UTC. on August 27, a period of rapid organization began, and Niall's structure improved considerably, eventually resulting in the upgrade to a Category 1 hurricane early on August 28. At 12:00 UTC that same day, Niall reached its peak intensity with winds of 85 miles per hour, and a pressure of 977 millibars. Following peak, wind shear values steadily increased and convective activity became more sporadic, leading to gradual weakening, with the storm downgraded back to a tropical storm early on August 29. Later that same day, a large convective burst lead to the storm briefly re-attaining hurricane status, before being downgraded once again 6 hours later. Over the course of August 30, further weakening ensued, and after hooking northwestward, the storm was downgraded to a tropical depression early on August 31. At 00:00 UTC on September 1, convective activity once again increased over the center, and Niall re-intensified into a tropical storm. Following this quick re-intensification, convective decoupling rapidly resumed, and the storm was downgraded back to a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC that same day. Early on September 2, the storm degenerated into a remnant low and was last designated 12 hours afterwards.
No damages or fatalities were attributed to Niall. Rough tides were observed across the Cabo Verde islands, but no damages were reported.
Hurricane Pierce[]
| Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | August 30 – September 3 |
| Peak intensity | 100 mph (160 km/h) (1-min) 962 mbar (hPa) |
On August 29, the NHC began monitoring an area of disturbed weather associated with a trough axis located about 435 miles east of the island of Anguilla. The low organized decently over the next 24 hours, attaining tropical-storm force winds early on August 30, but initially struggled to close off its center due to its fast forward movement. Eventually, at 12:00 UTC that same day, the system was found to have had a closed circulation, prompting the upgrade to a Tropical Storm, and the system was given the name Pierce. Over the next 24 hours, the storm only gradually organized due to its fast movement, but started tightening up after passing through the Bahamas, eventually, the storm was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane at 18:00 UTC on August 31. 7 hours later, the storm made landfall near Boca Raton, Florida, with winds of 85 miles per hour, and a pressure of 987 millibars. Pierce weakened somewhat after passing over Florida, emerging off the coast as a moderate tropical storm with winds of roughly 65 miles per hour. Late on September 1, after initially struggling to re-organize, Pierce began to rapidly intensify, becoming a Category 1 hurricane at 06:00 UTC on September 2, and a Category 2 at 12:00 UTC. At 00:00 UTC on September 3, the storm peaked with winds of 100 miles per hour and a pressure of 962 millibars, making landfall on Grand Island, Louisiana one and a half hours later. Following landfall, rapid weakening ensued, with the storm being downgraded to a tropical storm at 06:00 UTC, and a remnant low 12 hours later.
Pierce caused considerable damages in the Southeastern United States, particularly in Louisiana and Mississippi. Damages totaled roughly $1.13 billion in losses, resulting from considerable storm surge due to the storm's initial fast movement, and later slower movement on approach to Louisiana. 5 people perished in the storm, most of which were attributed to storm surge. Gulfport ,Mississippi reported storm surge levels in excess of 10 feet, and nearby cities reported upwards of 8 foot waves. Rainfall values were considerable in states like Louisiana, Mississippi, and Arkansas, with regions in each state reporting up to 12 inches of rain, with scattered reports of 15 inches or higher.
Hurricane Quincy[]
| Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | September 1 – September 9 |
| Peak intensity | 125 mph (200 km/h) (1-min) 949 mbar (hPa) |
A broad area of disturbed weather in the main development region began being monitored by the NHC on August 31. The next day on September 1, the low was upgraded to Tropical Depression 19L, and the system found itself in moderately favorable conditions. At 18:00 UTC that same day, the storm was upgraded to a Tropical Storm, and given the name Quincy. After being named, the system briefly weakened down to a tropical depression due to limited convective activity over the center, but was upgraded back a tropical storm 6 hours later. Starting on September 3, the storm began a period of rapid intensification as it made a loop due to a lack of steering currents, with the storm being upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane at 12:00 UTC on September 4, and a Category 2 12 hours later. After a brief lull in intensification due to dry air intrusions, the storm resumed strengthening, becoming a Category 3 hurricane at 06:00 UTC on September 5, and peaking 12 hours later with winds of 120 miles per hour, and a pressure of 949 millibars. After peaking, slight weakening ensued, and the storm was downgraded to category 2 status late on September 6, eventually fluctuating in intensity shortly thereafter. After turning northeastwards, further weakening ensued, with the storm being downgraded to a category 1 early on September 8. Later that same day, the storm began undergoing an extratropical transition, resulting in a brief upgrade back to category 2 status early on September 9. The storm completed its transition at 12:00 UTC that same day, continuing to gradually weaken in the process, and the storm was last observed early on September 11.
No damages were attributed to Quincy, but 2 people were confirmed to have perished due to large swells produced by the storm, 1 in Bermuda and 1 in South Carolina.
Hurricane Raya[]
| Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | September 3 – September 13 |
| Peak intensity | 155 mph (250 km/h) (1-min) 918 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC began monitoring a tropical wave in the central Caribbean Sea late on September 2, making with potential for development. The system slowly organized over the next 18 hours, eventually being upgraded to Tropical Depression 20L at 12:00 UTC on September 3. The depression found itself in marginally favorable conditions, limiting strengthening potential, despite this, the storm strengthened into a Tropical Storm and was given the name Raya 6 hours after formation. At 11:30 UTC on September 4, the storm made landfall near Rio Huache, Mexico, and made a second landfall near Chetumal about an hour later, with winds of 50 miles per hour, and a pressure of 999 millibars. The storm weakened considerably while over the Yucatan peninsula, exiting it as a tropical depression, and finding itself in unfavorable conditions over the eastern Bay of Campeche. Early on September 6, wind shear levels lightened up and sea surface temperatures increased, resulting in the storm beginning rapid intensification, commencing with the upgrade to a tropical storm at 00:00 UTC, eventually being upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane 24 hours later. Intensification slowed briefly early on September 7 with the upgrade to Category 2 status due to a slight increase in wind shear, but quickly resumed later that day with the upgrade to Category 3 status at 18:00 UTC, and a Category 4 hurricane 6 hours later. The storm peaked at 06:00 UTC on September 8, with winds of 155 miles per hour, and a pressure of 918 millibars. Raya would then make landfall in Matagorda Island, Texas at peak intensity at 08:00 UTC that same day. The storm rapidly weakened as it curved eastward, weakening down to a tropical storm early on September 9. After emerging back into the Gulf of Mexico, the storm would fluctuate in intensity as it made landfall in the states of Louisiana on September 10 and Florida on September 11 respectively. Raya would eventually emerge into the open Atlantic late on September 11 as a tropical depression, rapidly accelerating northeastwards while interacting with a tropospheric jet, re-intensifying into a tropical storm early on September 12. After re-intensifying somewhat, the storm completed extratropical transitioning early on September 13, last being designated at 06:00 UTC that same day.
Raya caused catastrophic damage across the Southeastern United States, primarily in Texas thanks to excessive flooding. Economic losses totaled $114.25 billion, placing the storm in the ranks with some of the costliest cyclones of all time. The Yucatan peninsula saw rainfall totals of up to 10 inches in some areas, with areas of Northeastern Mexico reporting upwards of 14 inches later on. In Texas, storm surge reached 22 feet, and total rainfall accumulations totaled 30 inches, with scattered reports of over 40 inches. Other states reported upwards of 18 inches of rain in some areas. 228 people perished in the storm in total, most of which in Texas due to catastrophic flooding and extreme storm surge along the coast. Hundreds of thousands of homes were damaged or destroyed by the storm, and many areas of southeastern Texas were left uninhabitable for several months.
Hurricane Saul[]
| Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | September 4 – September 7 |
| Peak intensity | 105 mph (170 km/h) (1-min) 973 mbar (hPa) |
On September 3, the NHC first noted a broad tropical wave in the central Caribbean sea, marking it with low chances of formation. Despite unfavorable conditions, the low gradually organized and at 06:00 UTC on September 4, it became Tropical Depression 21L. Following designation, conditions rapidly improved for the system, and it started to organize faster, being upgraded to a Tropical storm and being given the name Saul at 18:00 UTC that same day. Saul then began to undergo a period of rapid intensification, with the storm being upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane at 12:00 UTC on September 5, culminating in its peak as a Category 2 hurricane 6 hours later, with winds of 105 miles per hour, and a pressure of 973 millibars. Following peak, wind shear values began to pick up once again, resulting in gradual weakening turned rapid 12 hours later with the downgrade back to tropical storm status early on September 6. At 12:00 UTC on September 7, Saul degenerated into a remnant low north of Honduras, and was last designated 6 hours later.
No damages or fatalities were attributed to Saul.
Hurricane Trinity[]
| Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | September 7 – September 18 |
| Peak intensity | 165 mph (265 km/h) (1-min) 920 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave was first noted in the main development region by the NHC on September 6, marking it with moderate chances of development. As the wave moved westwards, it gradually pumped convection and began showing signs of rotation, eventually being upgraded to Tropical Depression 22L early on September 7. The depression found itself in generally favorable conditions, and organization continued, and at 12:00 UTC that same day, it was upgraded to a Tropical Storm and given the name Trinity. The storm would then quickly intensify into a Category 1 hurricane at 06:00 UTC the next day, but due to a dry air intrusion, alongside increasing wind shear values, intensification halted. On September 9, after convective activity drove out dry air, rapid intensification resumed, and the storm became a Category 2 hurricane at 12:00 UTC, a Category 3 hurricane at 00:00 UTC the next day, and a Category 4 hurricane at 06:00 UTC, reaching an initial peak intensity with winds of 140 miles per hour, and a pressure of 956 millibars. Shortly afterwards, intensification halted once again due to an eye-wall replacement cycle and increasing wind shear values, and by mid-day on September 11, the storm had weakened back down to a category 2 hurricane. Following this period of weakening, conditions improved once again as wind shear decreased, and the storm re-intensified into a Category 3 hurricane early on September 13, and a Category 4 hurricane at 12:00 UTC on September 12. At 18:00 UTC on September 13, Trinity would peak as a Category 5 hurricane with winds of 165 miles per hour, and a pressure of 920 millibars. Trinity would then hook northwards, rapidly weakening in the process due to another eye-wall replacement cycle and decreasing sea surface temperatures, being downgraded back to a category 2 hurricane early on September 15. Later that same day, interaction with a trough associated with the remnants of Hurricane Ursula caused re-intensification of the storm to a Category 4 hurricane by the morning of September 16. The storm would then rapidly weakening once again and slow down in speed, eventually being downgraded to a tropical storm by 06:00 UTC on September 17, a tropical depression 18 hours later, and eventually degenerated into a remnant low at 12:00 UTC on September 18.
Trinity caused minor damages to areas of the Windward Islands and Bermuda, totaling $10 million in losses. 3 deaths were attributed to the storm, all of which were across the Eastern Coast of the United States due to large swells brought about by the storm.
Hurricane Ursula[]
| Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | September 7 – September 14 |
| Peak intensity | 190 mph (305 km/h) (1-min) 888 mbar (hPa) |
On September 6, the NHC first noted an area of disturbed weather in association with a tropical wave several hundred miles east of the Windward Islands. Starting on September 7, the low showed signs of organization, and it was eventually upgraded to Tropical Depression 23L at 12:00 UTC that day. The depression found itself in generally favorable conditions, resulting in further organization, and it was upgraded to a Tropical Storm and given the name Ursula early on September 8. As the storm moved north of the Greater Antilles, further strengthening occurred, leading to the storm becoming a Category 1 hurricane at 12:00 UTC on September 9. Following the system's initial peak, fluctuations in intensity would occur over the next 24 thanks to increased forward speed and moderate mid-level wind shear. After passing just south of the Florida keys, intensification resumed as the storm was upgraded to a category 1 hurricane again late on September 10. The storm's intensity would then level off for the next 18 hours, but as the storm entered areas of higher ocean content in the Gulf of Mexico, a period of explosive intensification commenced with the upgrade to a Category 2 hurricane at 12:00 UTC on September 11. The storm would then reach Category 3 status at 18:00 UTC, Category 4 status at 21:00 UTC, and eventually became a Category 5 hurricane at 06:00 UTC on September 12. Ursula's explosive intensification capped off at 12:00 UTC that same day, reaching a peak intensity with winds of 190 miles per hour, and a pressure of 888 millibars, making it one of the most intense Gulf storms on record. The storm started to weaken slightly due to increased land interaction as well as an eye-wall replacement cycle, and the storm made landfall east of Bolivar Peninsula, Texas at 01:00 UTC on September 13 with winds of 175 miles per hour, and a pressure of 902 millibars. Following landfall, Ursula rapidly disorganized and was downgraded to a category 4 hurricane at 06:00 UTC, a category 1 at 12:00 UTC, and a tropical storm at 18:00 UTC. Early on September 14, the storm was downgraded a tropical depression and degenerated into a remnant low over western Georgia at 18:00 UTC that same day, last being designated the next day over the open Atlantic Ocean before being absorbed by Hurricane Trinity.
Ursula caused catastrophic damages in the United States, primarily in the state of Texas. Total economic losses were estimated to be $77.7 billion, some of which resulted from increased damages to homes following Hurricane Raya just a few days earlier. Many areas of Texas and Louisiana reported rainfall totals of up to 20 inches, on top of the rainfall areas received from Raya not too long ago. Storm surge reached upwards of 25 feet across the coasts of Texas and Louisiana, and inundated up to 45 miles inland, causing devastation across those areas. Hundreds of thousands of buildings were reported to have been damaged or destroyed by the storm, some of which had already incurred damage from Raya a few days beforehand. 138 people perished in the storm, many of which from the extreme winds and catastrophic storm surge brought by the storm.
(Ariel must be scared out of her mind right about now)
Hurricane Virgo[]
| Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | September 9 – October 1 |
| Peak intensity | 145 mph (235 km/h) (1-min) 936 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC first noted a robust tropical wave just off the coast of Africa late on September 8, marking it with moderate chances of development. The wave would gradually organize over the next 24 hours, and at 18:00 UTC on September 9, a closed circulation and gale-force winds were found via an ASCAT pass, prompting the upgrade of the wave to a Tropical Storm, being given the name Virgo. Shortly after forming, the storm reached an initial peak intensity with winds of 45 miles per hour, and a pressure of 1,002 millibars, then, convective decoupling unexpectedly started due to persistent mid-level wind shear. Virgo was downgraded to a depression at 00:00 UTC on September 11, and degenerated into a tropical wave 6 hours later. After degenerating, the remnants of Virgo struggled to reorganize due moderate wind shear, but reorganization became evident on September 12, with convective activity becoming more persistent, and at 18:00 UTC, an ASCAT pass once again found a highly elongated, but closed circulation, and the storm re-formed into a Tropical Depression. Virgo did not keep itself together for long though, as convective bursts tore apart the fragile circulation the storm had, and the storm degenerated again at 06:00 UTC on September 13. The remnants of the storm would trek through the Caribbean for the next 24 hours, until eventually entering an area of highly favorable conditions on September 14, and began to show signs of reorganization once again. At 18:00 UTC that same day, reconnaissance planes found a closed circulation, despite low winds, Virgo was once again upgraded back to a tropical depression. After initially organizing slowly, a period of rapid intensification began on September 15 with the upgrade to tropical storm status. On September 16, the storm's core quickly tightened up and was upgraded to a category 1 hurricane at 00:00 UTC, a category 2 at 06:00 UTC, and a category 3 at 18:00 UTC. Early on the morning of September 17, the storm would become a Category 4 hurricane before making landfall just west of Port Salut, Haiti at 01:45 UTC with winds of 130 miles per hour, and a pressure of 946 millibars. The storm weakened somewhat after landfall, being downgraded to a category 2 hurricane at 12:00 UTC after passing just east of Cuba. For the next 24 hours, Virgo would fluctuate between category 2 and category 3 strength as it reorganized its core and passed through the Bahamas, eventually beginning another period of rapid intensification at 18:00 UTC on September 18 after being upgraded to a category 3 for the third time. Despite accelerating in forward motion, Virgo would reach its peak intensity at 06:00 UTC on September 19, with winds of 145 miles per hour, and a pressure of 936 millibars, making landfall near Emerald Isle, North Carolina at peak intensity at 09:30 UTC. Following landfall, the storm began to rapidly weaken due to extratropical transitioning and accelerating forward motion, being downgraded to a category 1 by the morning of September 20 and completing its extratropical transition at 06:00 UTC the same day.
The remnants of Virgo would be picked up by a tropospheric jet and accelerate eastwards, continuing to weaken in the process, however, occluding of the remnants would start late on September 21, and the NHC began to monitor Virgo's remnants for possible subtropical regeneration. After hooking southwards, convective activity around the center began to increase and further occluding occurred, with Virgo eventually being reforming as a Subtropical Storm at 18:00 UTC on September 22, marking the storm's third reformation across its life. On the morning of September 23, as convective activity increased near the center, the storm became fully tropical as it began intensification, being upgraded to a category 1 hurricane at 06:00 UTC the next day as it looped in the subtropical Atlantic. After attaining winds of around 85 miles per hour, the storm began to stall and slight weakening occurred, with the storm being downgraded to a tropical storm at 06:00 UTC on September 25. The storm would then fluctuate in intensity as it rapidly hooked to the northeast, briefly re-strengthening into a hurricane in the process before weakening once again. On September 27, weakening of the storm continued as it stalled over cooler sea surface temperatures and slowly drifted to the west due to a lack of steering currents. Starting on September 28, Virgo began another period of intensification as the storm hooked southwards and then westwards, being upgraded to a category 1 hurricane at 18:00 UTC, and a category 2 hurricane at 06:00 UTC the next day. Afterwards, the storm began its final loop to the east, quickly weakening back down to a tropical storm in the process, but re-strengthened once again into a hurricane on approach to the Azores. As the storm passed through the Azores, an extratropical transition started, and Virgo began to weaken further down the ranks of tropical storm status. At 12:00 UTC on October 21, the storm completed its extratropical transition, and its remnants would affect the British Isles with gale-force winds the next day, with the remnants of Virgo last being designated at 12:00 UTC on October 2 just east of Edinburg, Scotland.
Virgo caused significant damage across its path of destruction, primarily in Haiti and the United States. Economic losses from the storm totaled $43.79 billion, much of which was incurred in the United States. The island of Haiti reported rainfall of up to 24 inches, with select areas receiving over 30 inches of rain because of the storm's slow approach towards the nation. Reports of surge up to 15 feet were reported along the southern coast of Haiti, with inundation stretching up to 15 miles inland in some areas. Very strong winds and high storm surge was observed across the Bahamas as the storm moved through, with surge peaking at around 12 feet in some areas. In the United States, rainfall totals peaked at around 10 inches in regions of North and South Carolina, with storm surge values peaking at around 20 feet due to the storm's rapid movement at and following landfall. The Azores reported hurricane-force gusts and waves in excess of 14 feet as the storm moved through. The British Isles were affected by the remnants of the storm, and gale-force winds were reported across the islands, with scattered reports of hurricane-force gusts along the coasts. 344 people perished in the storm, most of which in Haiti due to catastrophic flooding causing landslides and other severe incidents. The United States and the Azores also saw several fatalities attributed to the excessive storm surge and enhanced winds brought about by the storm's fast forward speed at its several landfalls.
(Talk about a Virgo supercluster of reformations)
Tropical Storm Wyster[]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | September 13 – September 14 |
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min) 991 mbar (hPa) |
Early on September 12, the NHC began to monitor an area of disturbed weather associated with a cutoff low, marking it with moderate chances of development. Gradual organization of the low would occur as it drifted north-northwestwards, and at 06:00 UTC on September 13, a closed circulation was found and the system was upgraded to Tropical Depression 25L. Although conditions for the storm were only marginally favorable, interaction a tropospheric jet allowed for intensification to start later that same day, commencing at 18:00 UTC when the system was upgraded to a Tropical Storm and given the name Wyster. The NHC initially noted convective patterns resembled that of a subtropical cyclone, with some considering changing the status of the system, but post-season analysis found the system to have been fully occluded throughout its organization stage. As the system hooked to the east, considerable intensification occurred as the storm began extratropical transitioning, with the storm peaking with winds of 60 miles per hour, and a pressure of 991 millibars at 12:00 UTC on September 14. Shortly after peak, Wyster completed its transition into an extratropical cyclone and was last designated at 06:00 UTC on September 15.
Wyster caused minor damages across the Northeastern Coast of the United States, with losses totaling roughly $125 million. Rouge swells in excess of 7 to 8 feet were reported across the shorelines of Long Island and Massachusetts, and rainfall totals of up to 7 inches were reported in some states. 1 person perished in the rip currents the storm brought.
Hurricane Xaidel[]
| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | September 17 – September 21 |
| Peak intensity | 85 mph (135 km/h) (1-min) 980 mbar (hPa) |
On September 16, the NHC first noted a robust tropical wave located several hundred miles east of the Lesser Antilles. This low would begin to rapidly organize, taking advantage of favorable conditions in its wake, and at 06:00 UTC on September 17, a closed circulation and tropical storm-force winds were found, resulting in the upgrade to a Tropical Storm, with it being given the name Xaidel. As the storm began to hook northwards, a period of rapid intensification began amid highly favorable conditions, eventually resulting in the storm being upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane at 06:00 UTC on September 18, culminating 6 hours later as the storm peaked with winds of 85 miles per hour, and a pressure of 980 millibars. An abrupt increase in wind shear resulted in weakening of the storm as it began to slow down, with it being downgraded to a tropical storm at 06:00 UTC on September 19. Weakening continued as relative humidity values continued decreasing, however, early on September 20 the storm moved into a patch of more favorable conditions, resulting in the storm being upgraded back to a hurricane briefly. Shortly after its secondary peak, Xaidel began rapidly deteriorating structure-wise as convective decoupling quickly resumed, being downgraded to a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC on September 21, and a remnant low just 6 hours later.
Xaidel caused minimal damage across the Lesser Antilles, although rough surge and gusty winds were reported on the islands of Barbuda, Antigua, and Anguilla. No fatalities were attributed to the storm.
Hurricane Yvonne[]
| Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | September 18 – September 24 |
| Peak intensity | 160 mph (255 km/h) (1-min) 928 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC first noted a strong tropical wave associated with a gyre in the central Caribbean sea late on September 17, marking it with moderate chances of development. As the wave hooked northward, it began to gradually organize, and at 12:00 UTC on September 18, it was upgraded to Tropical Depression 27L. Gradual organization of the depression continued later that day, with it being upgraded to a Tropical Storm and being given the name Yvonne at 18:00 UTC. After initially struggling to intensify, Yvonne moved into an area of highly favorable conditions early on September 19, and a period of rapid intensification began. The storm was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane early on September 20, and at 12:00 UTC that same day, it reached its initial peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 100 miles per hour, and a pressure of 972 millibars. 3 hours later, the storm made landfall north of Punta Allen, Mexico with winds of 90 miles per hour, and began to rapidly weaken due to land interaction, emerging into the Bay of Campeche as a tropical depression late on September 21. After moving back over water, Yvonne found itself in anomalously favorable conditions, consisting of sea surface temperatures in excess of 32ºC and high relative humidity values, and starting on September 22, explosive intensification of the storm commenced with the upgrade back to tropical storm status at 06:00 UTC. By the end of the day, Yvonne had already re-attained Category 1 strength, and would continue explosively deepening into September 23, reaching Category 3 strength at 00:00 UTC, Category 4 strength at 06:00 UTC, and peaked as a Category 5 hurricane at 12:00 UTC with winds of 160 miles per hour, and a pressure of 928 millibars. After peaking, the storm slowed down considerably, and the dual forces of an eye-wall replacement cycle and upwelling caused the storm to begin weakening. At 23:00 UTC on September 23, the storm made landfall in the Mexican sate of Veracruz with winds of 115 miles per hour, and a pressure of 948 millibars. The storm rapidly weakened following landfall, being downgraded to a tropical storm at 06:00 UTC on September 24, a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC, and degenerated into a remnant low at 18:00 UTC.
Yvonne caused catastrophic damage in the Mexican state of Veracruz, most of which was attributed to persistent catastrophic rainfall and extreme lingering winds. The storm became the worst natural disaster to ever affect the Veracruz region, with economic losses totaling $8.58 billion, and 161 people perishing in the storm, most of them in Veracruz from landslides caused by the aforementioned record-breaking flooding. The Yucatan Peninsula reported rainfall totals of up to 18 inches, with storm surge capping at around 13 feet in some areas along the coast. In the Veracruz region, record-breaking rainfall values were reported all across the region, with some areas reporting up to 50 inches of rain in total, in turn leaving miles of land uninhabitable. At least 7,500 homes were destroyed by the storm, with a further 60,000 damaged, many of which were damaged by the excessive rainfall amounts and landslides that occurred. Storm surge values along the northern coast of Veracruz peaked at around 24 feet, amounts not seen along the coastline beforehand.
Hurricane Zachary[]
| Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | September 21 – September 27 |
| Peak intensity | 120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min) 958 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC first noted a strong tropical wave in the main development region on September 20, marking it with low chances of development. This system would rapidly organize as it took advantage of the warm sea surface temperatures ahead of it, eventually being designated Tropical Depression 28L at 00:00 UTC on September 21. Six hours later, the depression would strengthen into a Tropical Storm, being given the name Zachary. After being named, an abrupt increase in mid-level wind shear induced convective decoupling and fluctuations in intensity for roughly 18 hours before it re-strengthened into a tropical storm at 00:00 UTC on September 22. Zachary then found itself in more favorable conditions, beginning a period of rapid intensification, initially culminating in the upgrade to a Category 1 hurricane at 00:00 UTC on September 23. After a brief eye-wall replacement cycle halted intensification, the storm resumed its rapid strengthening, becoming a Category 2 hurricane at 18:00 UTC, and a Category 3 hurricane at 00:00 UTC on September 24. At 06:00 UTC that same day, the storm peaked with winds of 120 miles per hour, and a pressure of 958 millibars. After peaking, the storm slowly weakened over the next 24 hours, being downgraded to a category 2 hurricane at 18:00 UTC, and a category 1 at 12:00 UTC the next day. Zachary would eventually weaken back down to a tropical storm on September 26 due to decreasing sea surface temperatures, but interaction with a tropospheric jet allowed for brief re-intensification as the system began extratropical transitioning. After brief re-intensification back into a category 1 hurricane, Zachary completed its extratropical transition at 12:00 UTC on September 27, just before making landfall in Newfoundland, and the storm's remnants would last be designated early on September 28.
Zachary caused minimal damages in Newfoundland, and no deaths were attributed to the storm.
Tropical Storm Austin[]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | September 21 – September 22 |
| Peak intensity | 50 mph (80 km/h) (1-min) 1004 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC first noted an area of disturbed weather located several hundred miles northeast of the Lesser Antilles on September 20, initially not anticipating development. However, early on September 21, the low began to rapidly organize, with a closed circulation being found at 06:00 UTC, resulting in it being designated Tropical Depression 29L. 6 hours later, gale-force winds were found, resulting in the depression being upgraded to a Tropical Storm and being given the name Austin, the first name of the primary auxiliary list. At 18:00 UTC, Austin would peak with winds of 50 miles per hour, and a pressure of 1,004 millibars, and quick weakening would begin afterwards due to increasing amounts of wind shear, causing convective decoupling. At 06:00 UTC on September 22, Austin was downgraded to a tropical depression, and degenerated into a remnant low 6 hours later.
No damages or fatalities were attributed to Austin.
Tropical Storm Bella[]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | September 21 – September 23 (exited basin) |
| Peak intensity | 45 mph (70 km/h) (1-min) 1006 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC first noted a disturbed area of weather associated with a tropical wave late on September 20, marking it with low chances of development. The system would quickly tighten up, with gale-force winds being found early on September 21, but a closed circulation didn't form until roughly 6 hours later at 12:00 UTC, when the system was upgraded to a Tropical Storm and given the name Bella. Following designation, Bella found itself in only marginally favorable conditions as wind shear values were high, with convective activity being sporadic. The storm would slowly move westwards, peaking with winds of 45 miles per hour near landfall, with the pressure bottoming out at 1,006 millibars shortly after designation. Bella made landfall near the Nicaragua-Costa Rica border at 11:00 UTC on September 22, and eventually to a Tropical Depression at 18:00 UTC. The system then emerged into the Eastern Pacific early on September 23, reaching a secondary peak intensity as a weak tropical storm, before eventually dissipating early on September 24.
Bella caused minor damages in Central America, totaling roughly $20 million due to heavy rainfall and rough storm surge. 3 people perished in the storm, all of which were attributed to the flooding caused by the storm.
Tropical Storm Caleb[]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | September 22 – September 26 |
| Peak intensity | 70 mph (115 km/h) (1-min) 988 mbar (hPa) |
A robust tropical wave was first noted by the NHC late on September 20, marking it with moderate chances of development. After emerging off the coast of Africa, the system gradually organized up until 06:00 UTC on September 22, when it was designated Tropical Depression 31L after a closed circulation was found via an ASCAT pass. Conditions ahead of the depression were somewhat favorable, with dry air being the main inhibiting factor, despite this, at 18:00 UTC the storm strengthened into a Tropical Storm and was given the name Caleb. After hooking to the north on the 23rd, the storm had strengthened further, and eventually peaked early on September 24 with winds of 70 miles per hour, and a pressure of 988 millibars. During peak, most of the convection was displaced along the eastern half of the storm, with consistent convective bursts near the center maintaining intensity as sea surface temperatures cooled down. On September 25, Caleb had weakened down to a mid-range tropical storm, but began extratropical transitioning that same day, which induced slight intensification before it completed its transition at 12:00 UTC, last being designated just due east of the Azores.
Caleb caused minimal damages in the Cabo Verde Islands and the Azores, and no fatalities were attributed to the storm.
(hi CycloneMC)
Hurricane Dominique[]
| Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | September 27 – October 3 |
| Peak intensity | 110 mph (175 km/h) (1-min) 961 mbar (hPa) |
On September 26, the NHC first noted an area of disturbed weather associated with a tropical wave roughly 250 miles northeast of Paramaribo, Suriname, marking it with low chances of development. Despite low Coriolis forces limiting consolidation of the circulation, the wave gradually organized, eventually being upgraded to Tropical Depression 32L at 18:00 UTC on September 27. Early the next day, the depression would strengthen into a Tropical Storm and be given the name Dominique. After passing just north of Grenada and entering the Caribbean, the storm began to slow down, finding itself in more favorable conditions, and considerable intensification began, with storm being upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane at 12:00 UTC on September 29. Dominique continued intensifying into the next day, reaching its peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane at 18:00 UTC with winds of 110 miles per hour, and a pressure of 961 millibars. Following peak, an eye-wall replacement cycle began, inducing slight weakening that eventually accelerated due to increasing wind shear amounts, with the storm downgraded to a category 1 hurricane at 06:00 UTC on October 1, and a tropical storm at 18:00 UTC. By midday October 2, Dominique had weakened down to a tropical depression, and the center of circulation had decoupled from the convection. Early on October 3, the storm briefly re-intensified into a tropical storm thanks to a convective burst over its center, but eventually weakened back down to a depression 12 hours later. At 18:00 UTC on October 3, the storm had degenerated into a remnant low just east of Belize, and was last designated early the next day.
Dominique caused minor damages in Central America, primarily Honduras, with economic losses totaling $13 million. Regions of Honduras reported up to 6 inches of rainfall from the storm's rain bands. No fatalities were attributed to the storm.
Hurricane Edward[]
| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | September 28 – October 1 |
| Peak intensity | 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min) 982 mbar (hPa) |
An area of disturbed weather associated with a cutoff low was first noted by the NHC late on September 27, initially being marked with low chances of development. Early on September 28, considerable organization began as convective activity increased and rotation became evident, and at 12:00 UTC, a closed circulation and gale-force winds were found, resulting in the system being upgraded to a Tropical Storm and being given the name Edward. After being named, a brief period of rapid intensification began, with the storm being upgraded a Category 1 hurricane at 12:00 UTC on September 29, peaking shortly after at 18:00 UTC with winds of 80 miles per hour, and a pressure of 982 millibars. After peaking, the storm began to loop, and upwelling caused the storm to weaken back down to a tropical storm at 06:00 UTC on September 30. Wind shear increased as Edward completed looping, with it being downgraded to a tropical depression early on October 1, eventually degenerating into a remnant low and last being designated early the next day.
Edward caused minimal damages along the Southeastern coast of the United States, with rough seas being reported along the coastlines of states ranging from Florida to North Carolina. 1 person perished in Georgia because of the rip tides brought by the storm.
Hurricane Farrah[]
| Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | September 30 – October 9 |
| Peak intensity | 150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min) 930 mbar (hPa) |
Late on September 28, the NHC first noted a disturbed area of weather associated with a trough axis, marking it with moderate chances of development. Initially, development of the system was slow, as moderate amounts of wind shear prevented substantial convective coupling. Eventually, at 00:00 UTC on September 30, a closed circulation was found, and the system was designated Tropical Depression 34L. The depression was slow to intensify at first due to its latitude limiting organization, the system eventually was able to organize later that same day and intensified into a Tropical Storm at 18:00 UTC, being given the name Farrah. Gradual intensification would ensue for the next 12 hours, before the storm moved into an area of anomalously favorable conditions, which started a period of explosive intensification. This rapid stage of strengthening commenced with the upgrade to a Category 1 hurricane at 18:00 UTC on October 1. On October 2, Farrah reached Category 2 strength at 00:00 UTC, Category 4 strength at 06:00 UTC, and peaked at 12:00 UTC with winds of 150 miles per hour, and a pressure of 930 millibars, with a pinhole eye being evident on satellite imagery. Not long after peak, an eye-wall replacement cycle began, inducing slight weakening, Farrah then made its first landfall on the island of Puerto Rico at 23:15 UTC that same day, with winds of 130 miles per hour, and a pressure of 938 millibars. After passing through the island, the storm had weakened back down to a category 2 hurricane, but as the storm slowed in forward motion, another brief period of rapid intensification began late on October 3, with the storm strengthening back to a category 4 hurricane at 06:00 UTC the next day. Farrah then made landfall in Hispaniola with winds of 130 miles per hour and a pressure of 942 millibars at 07:45 UTC that same day, rapidly weakening as it quickly crossed the island. The storm would then make landfall in Cuba at 06:00 UTC on October 5 with winds of 75 miles per hour, and after crossing the island, the storm had weakened further, being downgraded to a tropical storm at 12:00 UTC. The storm would then hook northwestwards, grazing through the Florida Keys and entering the Gulf of Mexico early on October 6. After having struggled to re-organize its ruptured core, Farrah being to strengthen once again, skirting along the coast of Western Florida, becoming a category 1 hurricane once again at 00:00 UTC on October 7. An abrupt increase in wind shear weakened the storm just before making its final landfall north of Fish Creek, Florida at 12:30 UTC with winds of 70 miles per hour, and a pressure of 988 millibars. The storm began to hook eastwards shortly after landfall, rapidly weakening to a tropical depression in the process. After emerging back into the open Atlantic, baroclinic interaction with a tropospheric jet allowed for Farrah to re-intensify into a tropical storm at 12:00 UTC on October 8. Early the next day, the storm would complete extratropical transitioning, last being designated at 12:00 UTC.
Farrah caused absolute devastation across the Greater Antilles, becoming one of the worst cyclones to ever affect Puerto Rico, and, at the time, becoming the costliest tropical cyclone of all time. Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, and Cuba were each battered with extreme storm surge and persistent winds. Economic losses totaled $154.36 billion, most of which sustained in Puerto Rico and Hispaniola because of the storm's dual Category 4 landfalls on each island. Puerto Rico reported rainfall of up to 18 inches from the storm, and storm surge values reached 20 feet along the coast of the island. San Juan, Puerto Rico's capital, reported a wind gust of 142 miles per hour, and extensive damage was reported across the city. Hispaniola reported upwards of 24 inches of rainfall, with the catastrophic flooding causing numerous landslides and fatalities. Storm surge values reached 16 feet along the southern coast of the island, with thousands affected by the inundation of the surge. In Cuba, gusts reached upwards of 94 miles per hour, and rainfall capped at around 12 inches in some areas. Effects in the United States were lesser, but still substantial, with Cedar Key reporting storm surge of 12 feet, and rainfall totaling 15 inches in some areas. 7,789 people perished in the storm, most of which in Puerto Rico and Haiti, due to the catastrophic winds and flooding brought by the storm.
Hurricane Griffin[]
| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | October 4 – October 7 |
| Peak intensity | 85 mph (135 km/h) (1-min) 974 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC first noted an area of disturbed weather associated with a tropical gyre early on October 3, marking it with moderate chances of development. After emerging into the Bay of Campeche, the low rapidly organized, and eventually, gale-force winds and a closed circulation were found by reconnaissance aircraft at 06:00 UTC on October 4, upgrading the system to a Tropical Storm, giving it the name Griffin. The storm would then gradually organize as it drifted northwestwards following a reformation of its center of circulation, which moved the storm in the wake of more favorable conditions, and thus a period of rapid intensification started early on October 5. Griffin was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane at 12:00 UTC on October 5, and even after intensification slowed, the storm peaked at 06:00 UTC on October 6 with winds of 85 miles per hour, and a pressure of 974 millibars. The storm then made landfall north of La Pesca, Mexico at 08:30 UTC at peak intensity, and began to rapidly weaken after moving inland, being downgraded a tropical storm at 12:00 UTC, a tropical depression at 18:00 UTC, and degenerating into a remnant low at 00:00 TUC the next day.
Griffin caused minimal damage in Mexico, and only 1 person perished in the storm, attributed to the strong winds the storm brought.
Hurricane Helena[]
| Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | October 6 – October 21 |
| Peak intensity | 235 mph (380 km/h) (1-min) 840 mbar (hPa) |
Late on October 5, the NHC first noted a robust tropical wave in the inter-tropical convergence zone, marking it with moderate chances of development. Initially, the wave found itself in marginally favorable conditions due to its low latitude, but as the system gained latitude, rapid organization would commence with convective activity increasing considerably. Eventually, at 12:00 UTC on October 6, a far-flying reconnaissance mission revealed that the system had a closed circulation and gale-force winds, prompting the upgrade to a Tropical Storm, being given the name Helena. As the system was named, the storm found itself in highly favorable conditions, resulting in a period of rapid intensification that started not long after designation. From October 7 to October 8, Helena's intensity jumped up quickly, with the storm upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane at 12:00 UTC on the 7th, a Category 2 at 18:00 UTC, a Category 3 at 06:00 UTC on the 8th, and a Category 4 at 12:00 UTC. Later that same day at 18:00 UTC, Helena would reach its initial peak intensity with winds of 140 miles per hour, and a pressure of 939 millibars about 340 miles southeast of Martinique. Starting on October 9, an eye-wall replacement cycle commenced, inducing weakening of the storm back down to category 3 strength at 06:00 UTC, and the storm would make its first landfall on the island of Martinique at 14:45 UTC that same day, with winds of 120 miles per hour, and a pressure of 952 millibars. The mountainous terrain of the island ruptured the core of Helena, causing further weakening down to a category 2 hurricane early on October 10. The storm would then struggle to intensify over the next 24 hours due to reorganization of its core amid marginally favorable conditions, but the storm would briefly shoot up to a category 4 storm on the afternoon of October 11, before eventually weakening slightly just a few hours later. Early on October 12, Helena moved into an area of anomalously favorable conditions, including exceptionally high levels of ocean heat content amid sea surface temperatures nearing 33ºC, and next to no wind shear, allowing for a period of explosive intensification to begin. The storm would intensify into a Category 5 hurricane at 12:00 UTC on October 12, with winds surpassing 200 miles per hour just 6 hours later. The storm's explosive intensification would briefly pause as the core of Helena strengthened and contracted further as it turned northwards into a patch of exceptionally high ocean heat content. Helena would reach its record-breaking peak at 00:00 UTC on October 14, with winds of 235 miles per hour, and a pressure of 840 millibars, making it booth the strongest and most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Atlantic Ocean. At peak, the storm's influence was huge, with almost perfect symmetry of not just the pinhole eye, but the structure of the convection surrounding the eye, which engulfed all of the northwest Caribbean Sea. Not long after its record peak intensity, gradual weakening would ensue as the storm moved into the Gulf of Mexico, with the tropopause lowering and ocean heat content decreasing, nevertheless, the storm would maintain category 5 status for another 36 hours, until increasing wind shear and an eye-wall replacement cycle weakening Helena back down to a category 4 late on October 15. The storm would then hook around a ridge, moving eastwards turned northwards, and re-intensifying into a category 5 hurricane at 12:00 UTC on October 16. Helena would then make a catastrophic landfall near Dauphin Island, Alabama at 00:30 UTC on October 17, with winds of 160 miles per hour, and a pressure of 901 millibars. The giant storm would then move inland and rapidly weaken as convection decoupled from the center, with it being downgraded to a tropical storm early on October 18, and a Tropical Depression later that same day. After decoupling from the convection, the center drifted southeastwards, tightening and eventually emerging back into the Gulf of Mexico early on October 19. Later that same day, as the storm turned eastwards, convective starting firing near the center once again, and the storm intensified back into a tropical storm before making landfall north of Clearwater, Florida with winds of 45 miles per hour and a pressure of 996 millibars. After quickly passing through Florida, Helena once again weakened into a depression at 06:00 UTC on October 20. However, later that day the storm moved into a patch of low wind shear, intensifying into a tropical storm once again at 18:00 UTC. On October 21, wind shear would begin to increase and sea surface temperatures decreased, causing convective decoupling and weakening the storm down to a depression yet again at 12:00 UTC on October 21, with Helena then degenerating into a remnant low at 18:00 UTC. Helena's remnants would continue to slowly meander eastwards before last being designated at 06:00 UTC on October 22.
Helena caused catastrophic damage across its path, most of which being sustained in the United States from its Category 5 landfall near the Mississippi-Alabama border. Many regions of the Caribbean were also affected from the storm's enormous size, ranging from Jamaica, to Belize, all the way to the Windward Islands, all of which sustained considerable damages. Total economic losses clocked in at $144.44 billion, most of which in the Southeastern Coast of the United States alone due to catastrophic flooding, storm surge, and wind speeds. The island of Martinique reported category 4-force wind gusts during landfall, with waves reaching as high as 20 feet across the eastern coastline. Surrounding islands reported upwards of 10 inches of rain from Helena, with storm surge ranging from 8-12 feet on average. Many areas across the Caribbean reported record-breaking storm surge in excess of 35-45 feet in association with the storm. Jamaica and the Yucatan Peninsula reported wind gusts in excess of 145 miles per hour, despite the center not crossing either area. The city of Cancún, Mexico reported wind gusts over 160 miles per hour, and catastrophic damage was sustained in the city as the storm skirted east of the peninsula. Rainfall amounts reached upwards of 30 inches across the Yucatan due to the storm's large convective swath, and many landslides were reported as well. In the United States, the state of Alabama recorded scattered winds gusts of over 190 miles per hour at landfall, with the state seeing its strongest cyclone landfall in recorded history. Storm surge reached 30 feet along the coasts of Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana, inducing catastrophic damage along their coastlines. Rainfall reached 45 inches in areas of Mississippi and Alabama due to the storm stalling for around 2 days, exacerbating any previous rainfall incurred from cyclones earlier in the season. 627 perished in the storm, a good majority being in the United States due to the shear size and scope of Helena. Inundation of storm surge played a great part in the overall fatality count, as storm surge inundated up to 60 feet inland, causing record-breaking flooding and immense devastation. At least 30,000 homes were destroyed by the storm, with an additional 250,000 being damaged, and many areas of the Gulf of Mexico previously affected by storms of the previous month saw exacerbated effects, and many areas were left uninhabitable for months or even years.
Tropical Storm Immanuel[]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | October 11 – October 14 |
| Peak intensity | 65 mph (105 km/h) (1-min) 990 mbar (hPa) |
On October 9, the NHC first noted an extratropical low in the Subtropical Atlantic, monitoring it for possible subtropical transitioning. Early on October 10, the system would undergo explosive cyclogenesis as it drifted southwards, eventually weakening somewhat as it hooked to the east. Starting on October 11, convective activity began to increase closer to the center, and at 12:00 UTC, the NHC designated it as a Subtropical Storm, giving it the name Immanuel. The storm would drift eastwards and begin intensification, with convective activity becoming more persistent near the center and occluding of the low becoming more evident. At 06:00 UTC on October 12, Immanuel had transitioned into a tropical cyclone, and would peak 6 hours later with winds of 65 miles per hour, and a pressure of 990 millibars. Not too long after peak, wind shear values started to increase, and relative humidity values decreased, causing gradual weakening of the system going into October 13. That same day, convective activity continued to decreased as Immanuel drifted eastwards, and at 18:00 UTC it was downgraded to a Tropical Depression, with its center of circulation exposed on satellite imagery. At 06:00 UTC on October 14, the storm degenerated into a remnant low, and was last designated 6 hours later over the open Subtropical Atlantic.
No damages or fatalities were attributed to Immanuel.
Hurricane Jillian[]
| Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | October 12 – October 19 |
| Peak intensity | 120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min) 952 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC first noted a strong tropical wave just southeast of the Cabo Verde Islands on October 11, marking it with moderate chances of development. As the wave drifted westwards, it would gradually organize, eventually closing its circulation on the morning of October 12, revealed via an ASCAT pass, upgrading the system to Tropical Depression 38L. Conditions ahead of the depression were generally favorable, with low wind shear and high relative humidity being in favor of it. Later that same day, convective activity fired up further, and gale-force winds were found, prompting an upgrade to Tropical Storm status, being given the name Jillian. The storm would rapidly organize further after being named, having winds of approximately 65 miles per hour early on October 13. That same day, the storm would being a period of rapid intensification, with it being upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane at 18:00 UTC, and a Category 2 hurricane at 06:00 UTC the next day. After a brief eye-wall replacement cycle halted intensification, Jillian shot up in intensity and became a Category 3 hurricane on the morning of October 15, peaking at 06:00 UTC that same day with winds of 120 miles per hour, and a pressure of 952 millibars. As the storm began to turn northeastwards, cooling sea surface temperatures and increasing wind shear induced weakening of the system, with it weakening down to category 1 status by 06:00 UTC on October 16. The storm then turned north into a patch of lower wind shear, causing brief re-intensification into a category 2 hurricane early on October 17. After attaining a secondary peak with winds of 100 miles per hour, Jillian began an extratropical transition and hooked eastwards, which in turn induced fluctuations in intensity going into the next day. At 00:00 UTC on October 19, Jillian had completed its extratropical transition and began rapidly weakening on approach to the Azores, last being designated roughly 525 miles west of the northern coast of Portugal.
No damages or fatalities were attributed to Jillian, although the Azores saw hurricane-force wind gusts and rough seas as the remnants passed through.
Tropical Storm Kendrick[]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | October 12 – October 13 |
| Peak intensity | 45 mph (70 km/h) (1-min) 1005 mbar (hPa) |
On October 11, the NHC first noted a robust tropical wave several hundred miles east of the Lesser Antilles. This area of low pressure would begin to rapidly organize early the next day, and at 12:00 UTC, a closed circulation was found via an ASCAT pass, and it was upgraded to Tropical Depression 39L. Shortly after formation, rapid organization continued and gale-force winds were found at 18:00 UTC, upgrading the depression to a Tropical Storm, being given the name Kendrick. After peaking late on October 12, convective decoupling initiated rapidly due to a sharp increase in wind shear, causing quick weakening of the storm back down to a depression at 06:00 UTC the next day. Kendrick would continue to weaken as the day progressed, degenerating into an open tropical wave at 18:00 UTC, and last being designated just west of the Turks and Caicos Islands at 00:00 UTC on October 14.
No damages or fatalities were attributed to Kendrick.
Tropical Depression Forty[]
| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | October 16 – October 16 |
| Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min) 1006 mbar (hPa) |
An area of disturbed weather in association with the rain bands of Hurricane Helena was first noted early on October 15 by the NHC, marked with low chances of development. Later that same day, the low began to rapidly organize while moving over the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, and at 00:00 UTC on October 16, a closed circulation was pinpointed by reconnaissance aircraft, and it was upgraded to Tropical Depression 40L. Despite moderate wind shear in association with Hurricane Helena, the depression continued to steadily organize up to its landfall just east of Wilmington, North Carolina at 10:00 UTC, with winds of 35 miles per hour, and a pressure of 1,006 millibars. The system would begin to rapidly disorganize after making landfall, quickly degenerating into a remnant low at 18:00 UTC on October 16.
The depression caused minimal damages in the state of North Carolina, and no fatalities were attributed to the storm.
Hurricane Lauren[]
| Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | October 18 – October 22 |
| Peak intensity | 110 mph (175 km/h) (1-min) 967 mbar (hPa) |
Early on October 18, an area of disturbed weather was first noted by the NHC, marked with low chances of formation. Development of the low was initially not expected due to the lack of Coriolis effects the storm experienced at its low latitude, however, gradual organization would occur as the day progressed, and at 18:00 UTC, an elongated but closed circulation was found via reconnaissance aircraft, and it was upgraded to Tropical Depression 41L. Despite a lack of intensification potential for its latitude, the depression unexpectedly started to rapidly organize, and at 00:00 UTC on October 19, an ASCAT pass revealed gale-force winds and a tightening circulation, upgrading the system to a Tropical Storm, being given the name Lauren. The storm would continue to organize throughout the day, and eventually a period of rapid intensification started after a potent core organized, with the storm being upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane at 18:00 UTC. Lauren would further strengthen into a Category 2 hurricane early on October 20, peaking at 18:00 UTC that same day with winds of 110 miles per hour, and a pressure of 967 millibars. After peaking, the storm would begin to slow down, inducing upwelling and causing gradual weakening on approach to the coast of Venezuela, being downgraded to a category 1 hurricane early on October 21. Lauren would make landfall north of the town of Jotajana, Venezuela at 15:45 UTC with winds of 85 miles per hour, and a pressure of 982 millibars. The storm would then accelerate as it moved further inland, rapidly weakening in the process, weakening to a tropical storm at 00:00 UTC on October 22, and a depression 12 hours later. At 18:00 UTC that same day, Lauren would degenerate into a remnant low just east of Espino, Venezuela.
Lauren became one of the worst natural disasters to affect the nation of Venezuela, causing absolute devastation during and after landfall. The Orinoco River saw water levels higher than ever before in recorded history, with millions of people being affected by the overflowing of the river, and many perishing from the rapid influx of flooding from the water level rises. Total economic losses were approximately $3.10 billion, almost all of which was attributed to the devastating flooding brought through the storm's overflow of the Orinoco River, leaving millions of people homeless. Many regions of Venezuela also saw catastrophic rainfall due to the storm's slow speed, with many areas reporting over 36 inches of rain, and dozens of mudslides and landslides being triggered as a result. Storm surge peaked at around 18 feet along the Northeastern coast of Venezuela, levels not seen in centuries. The storm also became the second deadliest Atlantic cyclone of all time, with a total of 12,495 people perishing in the storm, almost all of which attributed to the overflowing of the Orinoco river causing absolute devastation across central Venezuela. A humanitarian crisis was declared in the wake of the storm, as millions of people along the Orinoco River were left without resources following the catastrophic flooding, with the leader of Venezuela stating that it was a crisis "unlike they had ever seen before." A good amount of central Venezuela was left uninhabitable for months, with some areas even taking years to recover from the sheer scope of the storm's effects.
Hurricane Marrik[]
| Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | October 21 – October 25 |
| Peak intensity | 100 mph (160 km/h) (1-min) 976 mbar (hPa) |
Late on October 20, the NHC first noted a robust tropical wave in the main development region, marking it with chances of development. The low would rapidly organize over the next 12 hours, quickly attaining gale-force winds, and eventually at 06:00 UTC on October 21, a closed circulation was found via ASCAT, and the low became a Tropical Storm, being given the name Marrik. After moving to the northwest, wind shear values quickly picked up, and organization halted, starting a process of convective decoupling. Marrik was downgraded to a Tropical Depression early on October 22, with the center of circulation exposed on satellite imagery, but afterwards, wind shear started to decrease and the storm slowly started to reorganize late that same day, being upgraded back to a Tropical Storm early the next day. Intensification of the storm would continue as it turned northwards, eventually becoming a Category 1 hurricane at 06:00 UTC on October 24. Later that same day, Marrik began interacting with a tropospheric jet, inducing further intensification while also initiating extratropical transitioning. The storm would peak early on October 25, as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 100 miles per hour, and a pressure of 976 millibars. 12 hours after peaking, Marrik completed its extratropical transition after weakening back down to a category 1 hurricane, and began to rapidly weaken as it drifted eastward across the subtropical Atlantic. The storm's remnants would last be designated early on October 26, several hundred miles southwest of the Azores.
No damages were attributed to Marrik, however 1 person perished in the rip currents seen on the East Coast of the United States associated with the storm.
Tropical Storm Nadia[]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | October 25 – October 25 |
| Peak intensity | 50 mph (80 km/h) (1-min) 1004 mbar (hPa) |
An area of disturbed weather in association with a tropical gyre was first noted by the NHC on October 24, marked with only minor chances of development. Despite being within generally unfavorable conditions, the low would gradually organize as it turned to the northeast, with pressure recording dropping in association with the low. At 00:00 UTC on October 25, reconnaissance aircraft found gale-force winds and a closed circulation, resulting in the low being upgraded to a Tropical Storm, being given the name Nadia. The storm would struggle to strengthen amid high amounts of wind shear, with the center of circulation being exposed on satellite imagery, and interaction with a trough of low pressure that same day only accelerated decoupling. The storm peaked at 12:00 UTC, with winds of 50 miles per hour, and a pressure of 1,004 millibars, just prior to becoming fully extratropical. Nadia completed its extratropical transition at 18:00 UTC on October 25, with winds increasing and pressure rapidly dropping, and it would make landfall just west of Pensacola, Florida at 19:00 UTC. The remnants would continue producing gale-force winds over the Continental United States, last being designated on the morning of October 27, just north of Evansville, Kentucky.
Nadia caused minor damages in the Southeastern United States, with economic losses totaling $131 million. No fatalities were attributed to the storm. In Florida, rough tides in excess of 10 feet were reported along the coast of the panhandle. In Alabama, rainfall totals of up to 8 inches were reported, exacerbating the remnants of the flooding brought around a week prior by Hurricane Helena. Gale-force winds were reported as far north as Paducah, Kentucky.
Hurricane Orville[]
| Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | October 30 – November 4 |
| Peak intensity | 175 mph (280 km/h) (1-min) 906 mbar (hPa) |
Early on October 30, the NHC first noted a strong tropical wave in the central Caribbean sea, marking it with moderate chances of development. Over the course of the day, the wave developed rapidly, with convective activity increasing and circulation in association with the low increasing, eventually at 18:00 UTC, a closed center and gale-force winds were found via reconnaissance aircraft, and the system was upgraded to a Tropical Storm and given the name Orville. Hooking to the northwest on October 31, the storm gradually strengthened, but wind shear reduced the storm's maximum potential up to that point. Starting later that same day, the storm turned northwards into a much more favorable environment, inducing a period of rapid intensification, and by the morning of November 1, Orville was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane. Following a brief disruption of the inner core, intensification accelerated later on November 1, with the storm being upgraded to Category 2 status at 12:00 UTC, Category 3 status at 18:00 UTC, and then became a Category 5 hurricane at 06:00 UTC the next day. As intensification capped off, Orville hooked to the northeast and accelerated, peaking at 12:00 UTC on November 1 with winds of 175 miles per hour, and a pressure of 906 millibars. The storm made landfall in mainland Cuba at 18:15 UTC that same day after having weakened slightly, with winds of 165 miles per hour, and a pressure of 911 millibars. The storm quickly passed through the island, quickly weakening back down to a tropical storm after exiting the island on the morning of November 3. As Orville moved through the Bahamas, interaction with a frontal boundary initiated an extratropical transition, inducing temporary re-intensification, with the storm upgraded back to a category 1 hurricane at 18:00 UTC. On the morning of November 4, the storm completed its extratropical transition, and weakened steadily as it moved northeastwards, with it last being designated at 06:00 UTC on November 15 just 200 miles northeast of Bermuda.
Orville became one of the worst storms to ever affect the island of Cuba, with catastrophic damages resulting from the storm. Economic losses from the storm totaled approximately $9.29 billion, with much of it resulting from extreme winds and catastrophic storm surge along the southern coast of the island. Storm surge peaked at around 20 feet along the Cuba coast, although inundation was limited due to the mountain ranges located along the southern coast. Rainfall reached up to 20 inches on parts of the island, with tens of thousands of homes being affected by the flooding, which also caused scattered mudslides and landslides. 52 people perished in the storm, many of which were attributed to the major damages caused by the extreme wind speeds recorded across the island. The storm destroyed at least 1,000 homes in total, with thousands more being damaged by the storm.
Hurricane Philomena[]
| Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | November 3 – November 12 |
| Peak intensity | 130 mph (210 km/h) (1-min) 953 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC first noted an area of disturbed weather associated with a robust tropical wave early on November 2, located several hundred miles east of the Windward Islands. The system would gradually organize over the next 36 hours, with a closed circulation being found via an ASCAT pass at 12:00 UTC on November 3, upgrading the system to Tropical Depression 45L. Gradual organization of the depression would continue into the next day, and at 06:00 UTC, gale-force winds were found via reconnaissance aircraft, and it was upgraded to a Tropical Storm, being given the name Philomena. After hooking to the southwest, the storm made landfall on St. Kitts at 11:45 UTC with winds of 45 miles per hour and a pressure of 1,004 millibars. Shortly after landfall, a period of rapid intensification began late on November 4. Throughout November 5, the storm strengthened considerably, being upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane at 00:00 UTC, a Category 2 at 06:00 UTC, and a Category 3 at 18:00 UTC. Philomena peaked early on November 6 as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 130 miles per hour, and a pressure of 953 millibars. Not long after peaking, an eye-wall replacement cycle induced weakening back down to a category 3 hurricane at 12:00 UTC that same day. The storm turned southwest for a second time, entering an area of higher wind shear, inducing further weakening, with the storm downgraded to a tropical storm late on November 7. Weakening continued into the next day as convective activity became more sporadic and decoupling of the center occurred, and the storm was downgraded to a depression at 18:00 UTC. The storm then turned northwest and wind shear lightened up, allowing for gradual re-intensification, and Philomena became a tropical storm once again early on November 9. On November 10, the storm moved over a patch of very warm sea surface temperatures in the Loop Current of the Gulf of Mexico, allowing for quick intensification back into a hurricane at 18:00 UTC. Shortly following the storm's secondary peak, water temperatures decreased and wind shear ramped up, inducing rapid weakening once again, with the storm downgraded to a tropical storm at 00:00 UTC on November 11, and a depression at 18:00 UTC. At 06:00 UTC on November 12, Philomena degenerated into a remnant low over the northern Gulf of Mexico, last being designated later that same day.
Philomena caused minor damages in areas of the Lesser and Greater Antilles, with losses totaling $168 million. The islands of Barbuda and Anguilla reported gale-force gusts and rip tides from the storm, with much of Western Cuba recording hurricane-force gusts. 1 person perished in the storm's rip currents in the U.S Virgin Islands.
Tropical Storm Rex[]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | November 4 – November 7 |
| Peak intensity | 70 mph (115 km/h) (1-min) 998 mbar (hPa) |
On November 3, the NHC first noted an area of disturbed weather south of the Bahamas, marking it with moderate chances of development. Going into the next day, the low gradually organized and convective activity improved on approach to the Florida Keys, and at 06:00 UTC, reconnaissance aircraft found a closed circulation, upgrading the system to Tropical Depression 46L. Not long after forming, the depression made landfall near Big Pine Key, Florida at 17:00 UTC, and shortly after at 18:00 UTC, gale-force winds were found via an ASCAT pass, upgrading the depression to a Tropical Storm, being given the name Rex. As the storm emerged into the Gulf of Mexico, it found itself in favorable conditions consisting of low wind shear and high relative humidity, and it began to gradually strengthen on November 5, peaking at 18:00 UTC with winds of 70 miles per hour and a pressure of 998 millibars. Not long after peaking, wind shear values increased and water temperatures decreased, inducing slight weakening and convective displacement to the east of the center. At around 08:30 UTC on November 6, Rex made its second landfall near Fish Creek, Florida with winds of 50 miles per hour, and a pressure of 1003 millibars. The storm then moved inland and rapidly weakened, being downgraded to a depression at 12:00 UTC, and degenerating into a remnant low at 00:00 UTC the next day.
Rex caused minor damages in the state of Florida, with economic losses totaling $65 million. Rainfall totals reached upwards of 12 inches from the storm's slow movement, and storm surge reached up to 8 feet along the Florida Panhandle. 2 people perished in the storm, each of which attributed to flooding caused by the storm.
Hurricane Selena[]
| Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | November 8 – November 13 |
| Peak intensity | 105 mph (170 km/h) (1-min) 966 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC first noted an upper-level low on November 7, marking it with moderate chances of development. The system would gradually organize over the next 24 hours, and on the morning of November 8, reconnaissance aircraft found a closed circulation, prompting the upgrade of the system to Tropical Depression 47L. Not long after forming, an ASCAT pass revealed that the system had gale-force winds, and the depression was upgraded to a Tropical Storm at 06:00 UTC, being given the name Selena. The storm would then turn north, finding itself in favorable conditions, allowing for strengthening, and eventually at 18:00 UTC on November 9, Selena was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane. Shortly following this upgrade, a brief uptick in wind shear caused fluctuations in intensity on the cusp of hurricane status, but intensification eventually resumed late on November 10, and the storm was upgraded to a Category 2 hurricane early on November 11. Later that same day, at 12:00 UTC, Selena peaked with winds of 105 miles per hour, and a pressure of 966 millibars. After peaking, the storm began to stray away from the warm Gulf Stream waters, causing weakening back to a category 1 hurricane at 18:00 UTC on November 11. The storm would then continue to move east, weakening further as sea surface temperatures decreased and wind shear increased, eventually being downgraded back to a tropical storm early on November 12. Going into November 13, Selena weakened further, being downgraded to a depression at 06:00 UTC, and eventually degenerating into a remnant low at 18:00 UTC that same day.
No damages or fatalities were attributed to Selena.
Hurricane Todd[]
| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | November 9 – November 11 |
| Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min) 994 mbar (hPa) |
Late on November 8, the NHC first noted a fledgling tropical wave in the main development region, marking it with low chances of development. The system was initially not expected to develop, but early on November 9, the wave unexpectedly began to rapidly organize, and at 06:00 UTC a closed circulation was found via an ASCAT pass, upgrading the low into Tropical Depression 48L. Not long after forming, a developing inner core was found via microwave imagery, and a period of rapid intensification began, commencing with the upgrade to a Tropical Storm, being given the name Todd. On the morning of November 10, Todd peaked as a Category 1 hurricane with winds of 75 miles per hour, and a pressure of 994 millibars. Very shortly after peak, increasing wind shear started to greatly affect the tiny core of the storm, and rapid weakening began with the downgrade back to a tropical storm at 06:00 UTC. As the storm rapidly progressed westwards, convective decoupling occurred, and it was later downgraded to a depression at 18:00 UTC, and early on November 11, Todd degenerated into a remnant low, last being designated at 12:00 UTC just northeast of the British Virgin Islands.
No damages or fatalities were attributed to Todd.
Hurricane Vesta[]
| Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | November 14 – November 19 (exited basin) |
| Peak intensity | 200 mph (320 km/h) (1-min) 877 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC first noted a strong tropical wave in the eastern Caribbean Sea just west of the Windward Islands late on November 13, marking it with high chances of development. The wave found itself in anomalously favorable conditions, consisting of high ocean heat content and high relative humidity, with wind shear initially being moderate. The system would gradually develop over the next day, with rapid development occurring later on November 14, and at 18:00 UTC, reconnaissance aircraft pinpointed a closed circulation, and it was upgraded to Tropical Depression 49L. Early on November 15, an ASCAT pass revealed gale-force winds near the center of the depression, prompting the upgrade to a Tropical Storm, being given the name Vesta. Moderate levels of wind shear initially hindered further organization of the storm, but starting late on November 15, wind shear values began to decrease considerably, with sea surface temperatures increasing as well, and starting on the morning of November 16, Vesta began to rapidly intensify. The storm was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane at 06:00 UTC that same day, and a Category 2 hurricane at 18:00 UTC. Entering the morning of November 16, Vesta's rapid intensification turned explosive when the storm intensified into a Category 4 hurricane at 00:00 UTC, and a Category 5 hurricane just 6 hours later, attaining winds of 180 miles per hour, making it the strongest November hurricane on record. At 18:00 UTC that same day, Vesta reached its peak intensity with winds of 200 miles per hour, and a pressure of 877 millibars. Not long after peaking, at around 21:30 UTC the storm made landfall near Wankluma, Nicaragua at peak intensity, and began to rapid weaken after moving inland. The storm was downgraded to a tropical storm at 12:00 UTC on November 18, and a depression a mere 6 hours later. Early the next day, Vesta emerged into the Eastern Pacific, briefly re-attaining tropical storm winds before eventually dissipating on the morning of November 20.
Vesta caused catastrophic damage in Central America, especially in Nicaragua and Honduras, with excessive flooding and record-breaking storm surge ravaging each of the countries. Economic losses totaled approximately $17.39 billion, much of which being incurred from the catastrophic wind speeds recorded across Nicaragua, alongside flooding and landslides from the heavy rainfall. Regions of Nicaragua reported up to 30 inches of rain, with scattered reports of almost 40 inches. Storm surge reached 30 feet along the eastern coast of Nicaragua, shattering all previous records, and the coast of Honduras reported surge of up to 15 feet. In Nicaragua, storm surge inundated up to 50 miles inland, and hundreds of thousands of people were affected by the record-breaking storm surge. In total, 4,549 people perished in the storm, many of which were killed in the devastating flooding brought by the storm. At least 10,000 homes were destroyed by the storm, with another 50,000 being damaged, and hundreds of thousands of people were left homeless after the storm passed.
Tropical Storm Walter[]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | November 18 – November 20 |
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min) 999 mbar (hPa) |
On November 17, the NHC first noted an area of disturbed weather east of the Yucatan Peninsula, marking it with moderate chances of development. Going into the next day, the low developed gradually, with convective activity becoming more persistent, and at 12:00 UTC, reconnaissance aircraft investigated the storm and found a closed center of circulation, upgrading it to Tropical Depression 50L, despite low wind speeds. Starting on November 19, the depression began to quickly organize, and was upgraded to a Tropical Storm at 06:00 UTC, being given the name Walter, the final name of the primary auxiliary list. At 12:00 UTC that same day, Walter peaked with winds of 60 miles per hour, and a pressure of 999 millibars. After peaking, wind shear values began to increase, causing decoupling of the core and inducing weakening, with the storm weakening back down to a depression at 06:00 UTC on November 20, and 12 hours later, Walter would degenerate into a remnant low over the central Gulf of Mexico.
Walter caused minimal damages in Northeastern Mexico, and no deaths were attributed to the storm.
Tropical Storm Alyssa[]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | November 23 – November 25 |
| Peak intensity | 45 mph (70 km/h) (1-min) 1003 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC first noted a robust tropical wave in the central Caribbean sea on November 22, marking it with low chances of development. The wave initially found itself in a somewhat unfavorable environment, but despite this, starting early on November 23, rapid organization of the system began, and at 12:00 UTC, gale-force winds and a closed circulation were found, upgrading the system into a Tropical Storm, being given the name Alyssa, the first name of the secondary auxiliary list. After formation, the storm briefly encountered a patch of dry air, causing weakening down to a Tropical Depression, with strengthening resuming early on November 24 with the upgrade back to a tropical storm. At 12:00 UTC, Alyssa would reach its peak intensity with winds of 45 miles per hour, and a pressure of 1,003 millibars. Throughout the storms's life, convection remained displaced to the southern side of the storm, and this was exacerbated as the storm began to slow down as it turned southwards, with it being downgraded to a depression once again early on November 25. At 12:00 UTC the next day, Alyssa degenerated into a remnant low off the northeastern coast of Costa Rica as convective decoupling reached its maximum.
Alyssa caused minor damages across Southern Central America, with economic losses totaling $50 million, much of which resulted from the heavy rainfall brought by the storm's persistent convection to the south of its center. Costa Rica reported upwards of 20 inches of rain, with rough tides also striking the northern coast. 1 person perished in the storm from the flooding brought into Central America.
Tropical Storm Brendan[]
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | December 3 – December 4 |
| Peak intensity | 45 mph (70 km/h) (1-min) 1006 mbar (hPa) |
On December 2, the NHC first noted an area of disturbed weather in the southern Caribbean sea, marking it with low chances of development. Forecasters initially did not expect consolidation due to moderate wind shear, but later on December 2, convective activity began to fire up and rotation became evident on satellite imagery. On the morning of December 3, reconnaissance aircraft found a closed circulation, designating the system Tropical Depression 52L. At 06:00 UTC that same day, not long after forming, gale-force winds were found and convective activity increased further despite the wind shear, upgrading the depression to a Tropical Storm, giving it the name Brendan. The storm peaked as it was named, with winds of 45 miles per hour, and a pressure of 1,006 millibars, and wind shear values began to increase, causing the storm to disorganize as it slowly nudged to the north, before being downgraded to a depression at 18:00 UTC on December 3. On December 4, the storm began accelerating to the northeast, resulting in elongation of the center, and at 12:00 UTC, Brendan degenerated into a remnant low, last being designated early the next day.
Brendan caused minimal damage across the Lesser Antilles, and no fatalities were attributed to the storm.
Subtropical Storm Clarissa[]
| Subtropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | December 7 – December 10 |
| Peak intensity | 65 mph (105 km/h) (1-min) 981 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC first noted a decaying cold front moving off the coast of the Eastern United States on December 4. The front would drift eastwards before hooking northwards and undergoing explosive cyclogenesis on December 6, with winds reaching near hurricane-force as it completed its loop to the southeast. The now extratropical low continued drifting southeast and began to occlude from the front it was attached to, with convective activity increasing close to the center, and at 12:00 UTC on December 7, the NHC designated the system as a Subtropical Storm, giving it the name Clarissa. Clarissa would peak at formation, with winds of 65 miles per hour, and a pressure of 981 millibars, as it would begin to gradually weaken as it turned northeastwards into a patch of cooler waters and higher wind shear. While making a loop to the south-southwest, brief re-intensification would occur as a convective burst covered most of the center, although weakening would resume and accelerate not long after completing this loop. On the morning of December 10, Clarissa was downgraded to a Subtropical Depression, and eventually degenerated into a remnant low at 12:00 UTC that same day, last being designated early on December 11 just southeast of Bermuda.
Clarissa caused minimal damage across the Northeastern United States, and no fatalities were attributed to the storm.
Subtropical Depression Fifty-Four[]
| Subtropical depression (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | December 19 – December 20 |
| Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min) 1003 mbar (hPa) |
Early on December 19, the NHC first noted a decaying extratropical low in the subtropical Atlantic, marking it with low chances of development. As the day progressed, the low drifted to the south, and occluding became evident, and eventually at 18:00 UTC, the NHC designated it Subtropical Depression 54L after further occlusion and increasing convective activity near the center. The depression peaked as it formed, with it gradually weakening due to decreasing sea surface temperatures and increasing wind shear. At 18:00 UTC on December 20, the depression degenerated into a remnant low, last being designated at 06:00 UTC the next day.
No damage or fatalities were attributed to the depression.
Hurricane Damien[]
| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Duration | December 27, 2099 – January 5, 2100 |
| Peak intensity | 85 mph (135 km/h) (1-min) 974 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC first noted a strong extratropical cyclone in the Subtropical Atlantic on December 27, marking it with moderate chances of development. As the low quickly drifted southwards, it moved into an area of warm sea surface temperatures and low wind shear, allowing for subtropical transitioning and occluding of the cyclone, and at 18:00 UTC that day, the NHC designated the system as a Subtropical Storm, giving it the name Damien. After forming, the storm would hook from the southeast to the north, slowing down and intensifying in the process, being upgraded to a fully tropical Category 1 hurricane at 18:00 UTC on December 28. The storm would begin to weaken soon thereafter as it stalled, inducing upwelling and weakening it down to a now tropical storm early on December 29. The storm would then drift to the southeast then southwest as another intensification period began as the storm moved into the warmest waters it had encountered yet, becoming a category 1 hurricane once again at 12:00 UTC on December 30. Damien would then peak early on December 31, with winds of 85 miles per hour, and a pressure of 974 millibars, beginning yet another loop and weakening due to increasing amounts of wind shear, then being downgraded to a tropical storm once again at 12:00 UTC that same day. Late on January 1, weakening would accelerate as the storm was blasted with very strong wind shear, causing convective decoupling and only sporadic blow-ups over the center, weakening the system down to a Tropical Depression at 00:00 UTC on January 2 as it completed its loop to the west. Now meandering westwards, wind shear began to lighten up late on the 2nd, allowing for the storm to re-intensify into a tropical storm again early on January 3. Later that same day, Damien reached a secondary peak intensity as a strong tropical storm with winds of 60 miles per hour, but weakening resumed as it turned to the northwest into a patch of increasing wind shear and dry air. At 12:00 UTC on January 4, Damien would weaken back into a depression, turning southwest and decoupling further, before eventually degenerating into a remnant low early on January 5 about 315 miles northeast of the island of Hispaniola.
No damage or fatalities were attributed to Damien.
Storm Names[]
The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the Atlantic in 2099. Starting this year, extended naming lists were used consisting of 26 names, including previously unused Q, U, X, Y, and Z names. The names not retired from this list will be used again in 2105. Storms may be retired from either auxiliary list if needed, as specified by the World Meteorological Organization.
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As more than 26 named storms occurred, storms after Zachary were assigned names from the primary auxiliary list, which consists of 21 additional names.
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As more than 47 named storms occurred, storms after Walter were assigned names from the secondary auxiliary list, which consists of 21 more additional names.
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Retirement[]
On April 14, 2100, the World Meteorological Organization retired the names Raya, Ursula, Virgo, and Yvonne from the main list, they were replaced with Raegan, Uriyah, Varick and Yohana. From the primary auxiliary list, the names Farrah, Helena, Lauren, Orville, and Vesta were retired, they were replaced with Fatima, Harley, Lucile, Oakland, and Violeta. 2099 marked the year with the most retired cyclone names, totaling nine, surpassing all previous records set.
Season Effects[]
This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 2099 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, damage, and death totals. Damage and death totals include while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low pressure area. All damage figures are in 2099 USD.
| Storm name |
Dates active | Storm category at peak intensity |
Max 1-min wind mph (km/h) |
Min. press. (mbar) |
Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths
| |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Audrey | May 4 – 7 | Tropical storm | 65 (105) | 996 | Southeastern United States | $113 million | 1 | |||
| Blitzen | May 21 – 22 | Tropical storm | 70 (110) | 994 | Southeastern United States, Bahamas, Northeastern United States | $376 million | 4 | |||
| Three | May 29 – 30 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | 1007 | None | None | None | |||
| Corinne | June 9 – 14 | Category 1 hurricane | 80 (130) | 987 | Cuba, Mexico, Belize | Minimal | 0 | |||
| Darnell | June 17 - 19 | Subtropical storm | 50 (80) | 1002 | Bermuda | $50 million | 1 | |||
| Eleanor | June 28 - July 6 | Category 2 hurricane | 105 (170) | 968 | None | None | None | |||
| Felipe | July 2 - 4 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 1000 | Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico, Cayman Islands | $237 Million | 3 | |||
| Gretchen | July 8 - 10 | Tropical storm | 45 (70) | 1001 | Southern United States, Mexico | $45 Million | 1 | |||
| Hunter | July 14 - 17 | Category 1 hurricane | 75 (120) | 989 | Martinique, Puerto Rico, Bermuda | $25 Million | 0 | |||
| Ishika | July 14 - 17 | Category 4 hurricane | 140 (225) | 943 | Bahamas, Southeastern United States | Minimal | 1 | |||
| Julius | July 30 - August 4 | Tropical storm | 65 (105) | 997 | Nicaragua, Honduras, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Southeastern United States | $419 million | 7 | |||
| Unnamed | August 6 - 7 | Tropical storm | 40 (65) | 1005 | Mid-Atlantic United States | $50 million | 0 | |||
| Kendall | August 9 - 17 | Category 3 hurricane | 115 (185) | 957 | St. Lucia, Martinique, Jamaica, Cuba, Bahamas, Southeastern United States | $1.21 billion | 8 | |||
| Lance | August 12 - 14 | Category 1 hurricane | 90 (145) | 984 | None | None | 0 | |||
| Meilin | August 23 - 25 | Tropical storm | 50 (80) | 1003 | Mexico | None | 0 | |||
| Odele | August 24 - 29 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 996 | Cuba, Bahamas, Southeastern United States | Minimal | 0 | |||
| Niall | August 26 - September 2 | Category 1 hurricane | 85 (135) | 977 | Cabo Verde | None | 0 | |||
| Pierce | August 30 - September 3 | Category 2 hurricane | 100 (160) | 962 | Bahamas, Southeastern United States | $1.13 billion | 5 | |||
| Quincy | September 1 - 9 | Category 3 hurricane | 125 (200) | 949 | None | None | 2 | |||
| Raya | September 3 - 13 | Category 4 hurricane | 155 (250) | 918 | Honduras, Belize, Mexico, Southeastern United States | $114.25 billion | 228 | |||
| Saul | September 4 - 7 | Category 2 hurricane | 105 (170) | 973 | None | None | 0 | |||
| Trinity | September 7 - 18 | Category 5 hurricane | 165 (265) | 920 | Bermuda | $10 million | 3 | |||
| Ursula | September 7 - 14 | Category 5 hurricane | 190 (305) | 888 | Lesser Antilles, Bahamas, Southeastern United States | $77.70 billion | 138 | |||
| Virgo | September 9 - October 1 | Category 4 hurricane | 145 (235) | 936 | Lesser Antilles, Hispaniola, Bahamas, Southeastern United States, Azores | $43.79 billion | 344 | |||
| Wyster | September 13 - 14 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 991 | Northeastern United States | $125 million | 1 | |||
| Xaidel | September 17 - 21 | Category 1 hurricane | 85 (135) | 980 | Lesser Antilles | Minimal | 0 | |||
| Yvonne | September 18 - 24 | Category 5 hurricane | 160 (255) | 928 | Mexico, Belize | $8.58 billion | 161 | |||
| Zachary | September 21 - 27 | Category 3 hurricane | 120 (195) | 958 | Atlantic Canada | $25 million | 0 | |||
| Austin | September 21 - 22 | Tropical storm | 50 (80) | 1004 | None | None | 0 | |||
| Bella | September 21 - 23 | Tropical storm | 45 (70) | 1006 | Nicaragua, Costa Rica | $20 million | 3 | |||
| Caleb | September 22 - 26 | Tropical storm | 70 (115) | 988 | Cabo Verde | Minimal | 0 | |||
| Dominique | September 27 - October 3 | Category 2 hurricane | 110 (175) | 961 | Honduras | $13 million | 0 | |||
| Edward | September 28 - October 1 | Category 1 hurricane | 80 (130) | 982 | Southeastern United States | Minimal | 1 | |||
| Farrah | September 30 - October 9 | Category 4 hurricane | 150 (240) | 930 | Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Hispanola, Cuba, Jamaica, Bahamas, Southeastern United States | $154.36 billion | 7,789 | |||
| Griffin | October 4 - 7 | Category 1 hurricane | 85 (135) | 974 | Mexico | Minimal | 1 | |||
| Helena | October 6 - 21 | Category 5 hurricane | 235 (380) | 840 | Barbados, St. Lucia, Martinique, Jamaica, Mexico, Cuba, Southeastern United States | $144.44 billion | 627 | |||
| Immanuel | October 11 - 14 | Tropical storm | 65 (105) | 990 | None | None | 0 | |||
| Jillian | October 12 - 19 | Category 3 hurricane | 120 (195) | 952 | Azores | None | 0 | |||
| Kendrick | October 12 - 13 | Tropical storm | 45 (70) | 1005 | None | None | 0 | |||
| Forty | October 16 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | 1006 | Mid-Atlantic United States | Minimal | 0 | |||
| Lauren | October 18 - 22 | Category 2 hurricane | 110 (175) | 967 | Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago, Guyana | $3.10 billion | 12,495 | |||
| Marrik | October 21 - 25 | Category 2 hurricane | 100 (160) | 976 | None | None | 1 | |||
| Nadia | October 25 | Tropical storm | 50 (80) | 1004 | Southeastern United States | $131 million | 0 | |||
| Orville | October 30 - November 4 | Category 5 hurricane | 175 (280) | 906 | Jamaica, Cuba, Bahamas | $9.29 billion | 52 | |||
| Philomena | November 3 - 12 | Category 4 hurricane | 130 (210) | 953 | Lesser Antilles, Cuba | $168 million | 1 | |||
| Rex | November 4 - 7 | Tropical storm | 70 (115) | 998 | Southeastern United States | $65 million | 2 | |||
| Selena | November 8 - 13 | Category 2 hurricane | 105 (170) | 966 | Bahamas | None | 0 | |||
| Todd | November 9 - 11 | Category 1 hurricane | 75 (120) | 994 | None | None | 0 | |||
| Vesta | November 14 - 19 | Category 5 hurricane | 200 (320) | 877 | Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica | $17.39 billion | 4,549 | |||
| Walter | November 18 - 20 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 999 | Mexico | Minimal | 0 | |||
| Alyssa | November 23 - 25 | Tropical storm | 45 (70) | 1003 | Panama | $50 million | 1 | |||
| Brendan | December 3 - 4 | Tropical storm | 45 (70) | 1006 | St. Kitts & Nevis | Minimal | 0 | |||
| Clarissa | December 7 - 10 | Subtropical storm | 65 (105) | 981 | Northeastern United States | Minimal | 0 | |||
| Fifty-Four | December 19 - 20 | Subtropical depression | 35 (55) | 1003 | None | None | 0 | |||
| Damien | December 27 - January 5 | Category 1 hurricane | 85 (1355) | 974 | None | None | 0 | |||
| Season aggregates | ||||||||||
| 55 systems | May 4, 2099 – January 5, 2100 | 235 (380) | 840 | $578.722 billion | 26,435 | |||||